Personality

1. Personality

2. Personality Psychoanalysis The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach The Humanistic Approach The Trait Approach Chapter outlineChapter outline

3. Defining Personality From the Latin _____________, meaning �________________� An individual�s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors

4. Psychoanalysis The Birth of Psychoanalysis Freud�s Theory of Personality Freud�s Legacy Section outlineSection outline

5. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories Psychoanalytic Theories Key Figures _____________ _____________ (psychosocial stages) Adler (birth order, inferiority complex) _________________ (collective unconscious) Horney (feminist psychology, anxiety)

6. Freudian Personality Structure ________: Operates according to the pleasure principle Primitive and unconscious part of personality _______: Operates according to the reality principle Mediates between id and superego ___________: Moral ideals and conscience Figure 15-1 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-1 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

7. Psychoanalytic Terms ______________________: Freud�s theory of personality and method of psychotherapy, both of which assume that our motives are largely unconscious _________________: In psychoanalysis, the id�s boundless drive for immediate gratification ___________________: In psychoanalysis, the ego�s capacity to delay gratification Life force vs. Death Force

8. Figure 11-1 from: Morris, C.G., & Maisto, A. A. (1998). Psychology: An Introduction, 10th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 11-1 from: Morris, C.G., & Maisto, A. A. (1998). Psychology: An Introduction, 10th edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

9. Freudian Personality Dynamics The id�s instinctual urges can be temporarily suppressed, but the energy must find an outlet Outlets are disguised and indirect, to provide release for energy that will be safe and appear normal Figure 15-2 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-2 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

10. Psychosexual Stages controversial contribution Emphasized the first ______________ of life Personality development as how we satisfy _______________________

11. Oral Stage (_________________) the infant�s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue ___________________: exaggerated desires for �oral activities,� Smoking, chewing gum Clingy, dependent relationships

12. Anal Stage _____________________ Focus on anus and elimination Conflict arises from _________________. This conflict can be stressful to the child and may cause resistance

13. Anal Stage Anal fixation: ________________ - excessive use of self-control, perfectionism, strong need for order and exaggerated neatness and cleanliness (passive resistance) ___________________ � express anger through carelessness, messiness (active resistance)

14. Phallic stage 4-5 Erotic feelings center on _________________ Oedipus and Electra Complexes Sexual attachment to opposite sex; jealousy to same sex

15. Latency stage (5-13) Child has _____________________ Focus here is on school, cognitive development, friendships, sports, hobbies, etc.

16. Genital (13/puberty and beyond) The final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality ________________________ If goal is not reproduction, considered immature Greater success here = __________________________________

17. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Sample Defense Mechanisms

18. Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms

19. Freud and Dreams Freud felt dreams were the road to the unconscious. Manifest vs. Latent content Manifest = ______________________ ___________ = hidden content, drives, wishes, urges; often in symbolic form

20. Dreams & Symbols House = ___________________ Small animals = children King & queen = ______________ Water = birth Train journey = _______________ Most symbols are sexual Male genitals could be represented by pencils, knives, umbrellas, sticks

21. More symbols Teeth falling out Person has a challenge to face Flying Freedom or desire for freedom An attic Symbolizes _______________

22. Carl Jung & Analytic Psychology Introversion vs. Extroversion �inward-oriented� vs �outward oriented� 4 Functions _______________- objective truth and meaning Feeling- focused on values _______________- �what am I perceiving?� Intuition- �what is possible?�

23. Jung Archetypes Inherited dispositions to respond to the world in certain ways Persona- what we present to the world ______________- repressed material

24. The Rorschach Inkblot Test Ambiguous stimuli Person is asked to report what they see This type of test is called projective No clear image, so the things you see must be �projected� from inside yourself Figure 15-3 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-3 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

25. Thematic Apperception Test Person is asked to tell a story about the picture Another projective test Based on ___________________ personality theory People are distinguished by the needs that motivate their behavior Figure 15-4 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-4 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

26. The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach Principles of Learning and Behavior Social-Learning Theory Perspectives on Cognitive Social-Learning Theory Section outlineSection outline

27. Social-Cognitive Theories: Bandura�s Key Terms

28. Social-Learning Theory _______________________: The social-learning process by which behavior is observed and imitated _____________________: The expectancy that one�s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external factors ____________________: The belief that one is capable of performing the behaviors required to produce a desired outcome.

29. The Humanistic Approach Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Perspectives on the Humanistic Approach Section outlineSection outline

30. Positive Regard _________________________: A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified ______________________: A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one�s behavior

31. Humanistic Theories: Rogers� Key Concepts

32. Carl Rogers� Personality Theory The needs for self-actualization and positive regard create a potential for conflict. Figure 15-6 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-6 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

33. Self-Discrepancy Theory Self-esteem is defined by the match between how we see ourselves and how we want to see ourselves Figure 15-7 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Figure 15-7 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

34. Maslow�s Hierarchy of Needs

35. Evaluating Humanistic Theories Pro: Many concepts incorporated into successful _________ Con: _________________________ Poor testability and inadequate evidence Narrowness

36. The Trait Approach The Building Blocks of Personality Construction of Multi-Trait Inventories Biological Roots of Personality Introversion and Extraversion Perspectives: Do Traits Exist? Section outlineSection outline

37. Trait Theories

38. Objective Personality Scales Answer a series of question about self �I am easily embarrassed� T or F �I like to go to parties� T or F Assumes that you can accurately report There are no right or wrong answers From responses, develop a picture of you called a �______________________�

39. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Most widely used personality instrument Now the MMPI - 2 _________________________ Measures aspects of personality that, if extreme, suggest a problem e.g., extreme suspiciousness Long test - ______________________

40. Characteristics of the MMPI-2 Has several different scales (multiphasic) Scales thought to measure different kinds of ______________________ e.g., depression Scale scores indicate how you compare with others Overall assessment is ___________________ From inspecting profile of different scales

41. MMPI Sample Items I usually feel that life is worthwhile and interesting __________________ Evil people are trying to influence my mind ____________________ I seem to hear things that other people can�t hear ______________________ Everyday at noon God tells me to kill someone. _______________________

42. MMPI Validity Scales Four scales designed to determine whether respondent is presenting self accurately. Example: L scale (�Fake Good�) - Trying too hard to present self in a positive light. �I smile at everyone I meet� (T) �I read every editorial every day� (T)

43. Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model

44. Trait Theorists: The Five-Factor Model

45. Genetic Influences on Personality 123 pairs of identical twins and 127 pairs of fraternal twins Measured on �Big Five� personality dimensions Results suggest that personality differences in the population are 40 - 50% ______________________. Figure 15-9 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Lang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591.Figure 15-9 from: Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Lang, K. L., Livesley, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577-591.

46. Evaluating Trait Theories Pro: _________________ cross-cultural cross-species 5 Factor Model is _______________ Con: Lacks explanation and specificity. Ignores _____________effects.

47. Personality Consistency Is personality more consistent at some points in the lifespan? Evidence indicates that personality is ___________ stable during childhood Consistency increases with age Figure 15-10 from Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source Roberts, B. W. & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25.Figure 15-10 from Kassin, S. (2001). Psychology, third edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source Roberts, B. W. & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25.

48. Personality in Adulthood Is personality really most stable in late life? Studies suggest that traumatic/defining life events (which are more common in late life) can persuade one to change their personality. Examples: Loss of spouse Chronic/Severe Illness Same of impending mortality�.

49. Cultural Contributions to Personality ______________________: emphasize individual�s personal needs and goals over those of the group __________________: emphasize the needs and goals of the group over the individual

50. The �Self� in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultures