Nationalism Ascendant: Romanticism

1. Nationalism Ascendant:Romanticism Alex Reuben Kevin Edan Meghan

2. What is Transcendentalism? • A movement started by American authors to define themselves • Had achieved political independence, but now wanted literary independence • Believed in freedom and knowledge for all • Turning point: Civil war inspired many of the authors • Started theme of American nationalism • Writers started to focus on nature and American scenes, rather than those of Europe

3. Nathaniel Hawthorne • 1804 - 1864 (Reuben)

4. Background Information • Born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts from a long line of Puritans • Experienced tragedy early in life • Father died on an ocean voyage • Became one of the most famous writers of his time for his romantic novels that explored human nature (Soylent Communications)

5. The Scarlet Letter (1850) • Tells the story of a woman whose secret lover is a minister of gospel in Puritan Boston • Any adulteress is made to wear the letter “A” on her clothing for her sin • Dealt with the exploration of sin and repentance (Fantastic Fiction)

6. The Marble Faun (1860) • Tells the story of four artists who witness a murder in Rome • Takes place in a romantic setting, and deals with concepts such as love and misery • Recognition of evil and the idea of past vs. present (Advameg, Inc.)

7. Nationalism • Hawthorne’s romantic writings helped form an emerging era • Works reflected the belief of transcendentalism • Urged nonconformity and questioned the integrity of humanity • Works contributed to the quest for independence • Advocated self reliance • Shaped the nation’s identity • Promoted idealism and psychological thought

8. Oliver Wendell Holmes 1809-1894 (Wikipedia)

9. Background Information • Born in Massachusetts in 1809 • Was a physician and a professor at Harvard University • Well known for his poetry • Wrote on many different topics • Became well-known for patriotic writing • During the Civil War: • He changed from a conservative poet to a radical patriot (Cazalet)

10. Brother Jonathan’s Lament for Sister Caroline (1861) • A patriotic writing • Discusses the Civil War and the splitting of South Carolina • Holmes did not want the nation to break apart • Hoped the Carolinas would once again join the nation • Significance: • Showed his support of the nation • Expressed his faith and and hope that the United States would soon reunite. (Code Network Media Group)

11. Old Ironsides (1830) • A poem about the decommission of the U.S.S. Constitution • U.S.S. Constitution was vital during the War of 1812 • Used a simple object that everyone could relate to • Was a symbol of nationalism • Used reverse psychology to show its importance • Significance: • Brought the nation together • Put in a museum in 1930 (Roach)

12. Nationalism • Holmes’s writing style changed during the Civil War • Wrote many patriotic poems to promote nationalism • Holmes supported the nation as a whole • Known as an “American Patriot” • Themes of nationalism can be seen in many of his poems (Matheson)

13. Washington Irving 1783 - 1859 (Wikipedia)

14. Background Information • Born to a family of merchants in Manhattan in 1783 • Served in the War of 1812 • Moved to Europe in 1815 to salvage merchant business • Returned to the United States in 1832 • Became a diplomat and a writer (Wikipedia)

15. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) • Explores the story of Ichabod Crane as he is pursued by a ghost of the American Revolution • Hints that the nation’s history still closely follows its citizens • Expresses a major theme in the battle between civilization and wilderness. • Explains that there is almost never a balance between the two (Holodook)

16. Rip Van Winkle (1819) • The main character goes from living as a subject of King George III to becoming an American • Explores the changes that take place after the American Revolution • Expresses the ideas that, though continuity is necessary, drastic changes are vital for a society to grow (Holodook)

17. Nationalism • Irving wrote many famous American works • Contributed to America’s growing library • Discussed internal and external conflicts • Internal: the growing nation • External: the struggle of people vs. environment • Influenced future American writers, such as Edgar Allen Poe (Washington Irving Trail Museum)

18. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 1807 - 1882 (Rabe)

19. Background Information • Born in 1807 in present-day Maine • Attended Bowdoin College • Was a foreign languages professor • Published books on grammar and poetry • Included some of his Puritan beliefs in his work • Set an example for how professors should carry out the educational system (Drane)

20. A Psalm of Life (1825) • Written the same year Longfellow graduated • Was a religious poem • Encourages one to leave their mark on the world • Persuades that one should not live in the past (Poet Seers)

21. Evangeline (1847) • Explores the life of two Acadians during their move from Canada to the colonies • Due to his teachings of French grammar, Longfellow enjoyed writing about the lives of the Acadians as they lived in North America • Was set to take place before the American Revolution (Doucette)

22. Nationalism • Longfellow printed some of the first American textbooks on foreign languages • Set a precedent for future scholars • His works reminded Americans why and how their country was founded • Paul Revere’s Ride (1860) (Advameg, Inc.)

23. Conclusion • Writers of the 19th century greatly contributed to America’s newfound nationality • Nathaniel Hawthorne • Explored human nature • Oliver Wendell Holmes • Explored patriotism • Washington Irving • Explored innocence and adventure • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow • Explored the history of the country and published American textbooks

24. Works Cited (Information) • Gollin, Rita K. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” 02 October 2007. http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/hawthorn.html. • Hollander, John. American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century. Vol. 1. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 1993. • Holmes, Oliver W. Grandmother's Story and Other Poems. New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1883. • Holmes, Oliver W. "Old Ironsides." Legal Launguage Serivces. 2007. 6 Oct. 2007 http://www.legallanguage.com/poems/OldIronsides.htm. • Hoyt, Edwin P. The Improper Bostonian Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1979. • Lewis, Jone J. "What is Transcendentalism?" Transcendentalists. 2007. 7 Oct. 2007. http://www.transcendentalists.com/what.htm. • Merriman, C.D. "Oliver Wendell Holmes." The Literature Network. 2006. Jalic Inc. 2 Oct. 2007 http://www.online-literature.com/oliver-holmes/. • Merriman, C.D. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” The Literature Network. 02 October 2007. http://www.online-literature.com/hawthorne/. • Hess, Gary R. "Oliver Wendell Holmes Biography - Poems." Poem of Quotes. 2004. Poem of Quotes. 2 Oct. 2007 http://www.poemofquotes.com • Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Poems and Other Writings. New York: Literary Classics of the United States, Inc., 2000. • Rabe, Roberto. “Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.” My Bookshelf. Roberto Rabe. 2007. Eclectic Esoterica. http://eclecticesoterica.com/longfellow_bio.html. • Robinson, Dennis J. "The Poem That Saved Old Ironsides." SeacoastNH. 1998. 2 Oct. 2007. http://seacoastnh.com/Maritime_History/Old_Ironsides/. • Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: His Poetry and Prose. New York: The Ungar Publishing Company, 1986. • Williams, Stanley T. The Complete Works of Washington Irving. 1935. www.hudsonvalley.org.

25. Works Cited (Pictures) • Advameg, Inc. Encyclopedia of World Biography: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Advameg, Inc. 2007. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Longfellow-Henry- Wadsworth.html. • Cazalet, Sylvain. Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 4 Oct. 2007. http://homeoint.org/cazalet/holmes/index.htm. • Code Network Media Group. Map of South Carolina. 6 Oct. 2007. http://www.map-ofusa.co.uk/images/south- carolina.gif. • Doucette, John. Longfellow’s Evangeline. John Doucette. July 18, 2005. http://www.john.doucette.com/acadian/longfellow-evangeline.html. • Drane, Andrew. Poets of Cambridge, U.S.A.: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Harvard Square Library. 2006. http://www.celebrateboston.com/literature/brahminpoets/longfellow.htm. • Fantastic Fiction. The Scarlet Letter. Fantastic Fiction. 2007. http://www.fantasticfiction.co. uk/images/n0/n599.jpg. • Holodook, Joseph. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. http://www.porterfieldsfineart.com/josephholodook/theheadlesshorseman.htm. • Matheson, Allen. American Flag. 6 Oct. 2007. http://photohome.com/pictures/flag- pictures/american-flag- 2a.jpg. • Poet Seers. Poet Seers: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Poet Seers. www.poetseers.org/.../longfellow_poems. • Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 3: Nineteenth Century to 1865 - Nathaniel Hawthorne." PAL: Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. 2007. http://web.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.html. • Roach, John C. USS Constitution. 6 Oct. 2007. http://www.polkcounty.org/timonier/images/3mast.jpg. • Soylent Communications. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Soylent Communications. 2007. www.nndb.com/people/880/000031787/. • Washington Irving Trail Museum. Washington Irving. http://www.cowboy.net/non-profit/irving/. • Wikipedia. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1894). 6 Oct. 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_circa_1894.jpg.