Technology 30 S 3

1. Technology 30S 3 • Used basic technology from early Greeks • Methods for lifting water, irrigating farmland • Waterwheels- raise water from rivers to resevoirs • Dams, networks of canals, underground chanels. • Seventy percent of all water in Iran from underground conduits • Water clocks, complex gears, double acting pums w/ suction pipes, crank mechanism devices. Selective control mechanisms, fountains, machines for rich patrons. • Advancement in production of paper, textiles, weapons, shipbuilding, mining and metals.

2. Medicine 28S 2 • Studied work of Greek scholars- theories of Hippocrates, Galen. • Used direct observation for disease theories, treatment. • Theory of 4 humors- blood, phlegm, yellow and black bile. • Various medicines, foods to replenish, diminish humors. • Focused on recording case studies, cures. • Abu Bakr al-Razi wrote about smallpox, measles, diabetes, hayfever, compiled 1st overview of medical history in Kitab al-Tibb al-Mansuri (Mansuri Book of Medicine) • IbnSina wrote most influential Middle Ages book on medical theories- al-Quanun Pi al-Tibb (The Canon of Medicine) • Ibn al-Nafis correctly described way blood flows through heart. • Muslim hospitals became famous- treated all patients regardless of religion, gender, social class.

3. OpticsS 2 • Scholars transformed field w/ new methods, approaches. • Al-Haytham (Alhazan, European) rejected Greek exp. Of vision. Eye does not see object itself, recieves image from light bouncing off object to eye. • Studied burning mirrors, mirror reflections, geometry of vision, makeup of eye (others) • Far surpassed research efforts of other scholars.

4. Astronomy/Mathematics 27S, Q 2 • Led to creation of many other branches of science (astronomy) • Writings of Ptolemy was greatest influence on early Muslim scientists of astronomy. Used geometric models to study stars. • Findings led to corrections in Ptolemy’s work. • Introduced trig into study of astronomy. • Major observatories in cities ie. Isfhan, Jaipur. • Abbasid caliph al-Mamun launched 1st recorded group science project, commissioned astronomers to verify, improve Ptolemaic theories. • ThabitibnQurrah 1st known math analysis of motion • Al-Battani, after 30 years observing, proposed annual solar eclipse • Abid al-Rahman al-Sufi accurately illustrated constellation locations and sizes. His work inspired star names.

5. Knowledge Gained from Other Countries 26S 44 • Before Muhammad’s birth, Greece was center of science and learning for people around Medditeranean Sea • Studied astronomy, medicine, geography, history • From 4th cent. On, studies clashed w/ Christian church. • Heretics (nonbelievers) forced to flee because of persecution • To Persia, scholars from India/China, knowledge thought to be important • Shared and developed ideas. • Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs invited scholars from Persia etc. to visit courts in Damascus, Baghdad, gained knowledge.

6. Knowledge Gained from Other Countries 24S 47 • Imported silk, porcelain, spices from China • Brought back practical knowledge based on Chinese inventions, ie. Papermaking, wood block printing. • WB printing made it possible to produce copies of book a lot quicker than writing out by hand, allowed knowledge to spread more widely. • Gunpowder from China- by 14th cent (early) Muslims discovered how to make it, shoot arrows from simple gun. • Knowledge spread to Europe, changed face of warfare forever. • By time Ottoman explorer Suleiman I attacked Hungary in 1543, gunpowder was in regular use in guns/cannons.

7. Medicine 24S 47 • Scholars translated medicine books from Greek. • Most important was work of ancient physician Galen lived in 2nd century and Dioscori from 1st cent. • Added medical knowledge from India and own studies. • Knew diet and climate could affect health. Tried to treat illnesses w/ herbs, drugs, opposed to surgery • By 9th cent, hospitals were in large cities like Baghdad passing of skills, many doctors wrote medical textbooks • Al-Qanun, written by IbnSina, born near Bukheura, central Asia 980 • Detailed symptoms of serious diseases, how they spread • List of 760 drugs currently in use

8. Geography 22S 46 • Muslim geographers knew world was round like a ball not flat or disk. • Mathematicians able to calculate circumfrence, diameter. • Al-Idrisi born in North Africa, ~1100. Produced accurate maps of world as known then. • Muslims journeyed in 10th cent. Egypt • Al-Masudi wrote 30 volume encyclopedia describing countries he had visited. • Al-Biruni died 1050, wrote geography of India • IbnBattuta, most famous traveler, born in Tangier 1304, traveled over 60000 miles. • Died in 1377

9. Geography 23S 47 • Arab travelers went to land of Vikings • IbnFadlanarab ambassador wrote detailed description of Viking Chief funeral. On banks of Volga River, in 922 • Al-Tattusi visited Viking market town, Hedeby Denmark • Men as well as women wore eye makeup • Also added that when the vikingssaing it sounded like dogs howling, but worse!

10. Astronomy 21S 45-6 • Astrolabe used to work out movements of stars and planets • Used magnetic compass to find direction of Mecca • Astrolabe measured distance between Earth and star • Magnetic compass was developed from an ancient Chinese idea • Astrolabe calculated times of sunrise and sunset • Needed to calculate times of new moon for calendar • Helped Muslim travelers find their way around the world, ie Hajj, carrying goods from China by caravan/ship

11. Medicine 32S 1 • Islamic Golden Age was 8-15 cent. • Islamic medicine centuries ahead of Europe • Qur’an, Hadith stated Muslims had duty to care for sick “Medicine of the Prophet” • Debate about whether should use Greek/Chinese/Indian medicine, but allowed. • Major contribution was hospitals, paid for by Zakat tax. • Hospitals in existance by 8th cent, soon widespread, at least 30. • Sent physicians, midwives into poor rural areas, provided place for physicians etc. to study, research. • Some hospitals for specific purposes, others general. • System of medical education was well structured. • Islamic physicians were meticulous with recordkeeping for peer review/spread and share knowledge.

12. Medicine 33S 1 • Most notable Islamic scholar was al-Razi. 850-923 • Produced over 200 books about medicine/philosphy • Unpublished one that gathered most of medical knowledge of Islamic world into 1 place. Translated into Latin • Refined scientific method, promoted experimentation/observation. • When asked to build hospital in Baghdad, selected location where meat rotted least so patients least likely to suffer from illness, putrefaction of the flesh. • Believed doctor-patient should trust each other, doctor had duty to help patient, patient had duty to follow doctor’s advice. • Believed analyzing background of patient and considering ailments suffered by close family • Made leap of looking for what caused illness symptoms. • Wrote about human physiology, understood brain operated muscles

13. Medicine 34S 1 • IbnSina excelled in many fields, wrote “The Canon” became core text for physicians in Islamic world/Europe, diagnosing and treating ailments. • Believed diagnoses could be made by pulse and urine, color, odor etc. • Suggestions for infant care, believed that bad water responsible for ailments, how to check purity of water • Contributed greatly to history of medicine, though many remedies ineffective. • Al-Kindi 800-870. Influenced by Galen • Aqrabadhin (Medical Formulary) described preperations drawn from plant, animal, mineral • Added knowledge from India, Persia, Egypt • Based on medical herbs, aromatic compounds, musc, inorganic medicines. • First divide between medicine and pharmacology

14. Medicine 34S 1 • Ibn Al-Nafis (born 1213) 1st scholar to understand respire-circulatory system • Understood heart divided into 2 1/2s, no pores connecting two halves. Blood only travel from one side to other by passing through lungs. • Blood from capillaries surrounding it, not right ventricle, role of capillaries in circulation- pulmonary artery and vein linked by microscopic pores. • First to understand mechanisms behind pulse. • Believed motion of blood was means to disperse “spirit” which would burn out heart if resided too long • Based on observations in dissection, corrected physiology misconceptions, brain, gall bladder, bone structure, nervous system. • Pharmalogical works drew remedies from across world, introduced mathematics and idea of dosage to administration of medicines.

15. Medicine 35S 1 • Serapion (9th cent) wrote treatise listing several diseases, lists known remedies. • Al Dinawari “Book of Plants” influenced Western history of medicine • 6th cent Persian doctor Burzoe traveled to India, brought ack remedied, gatherd info from Indian phyisicians and healers working for caliphate. • Al Tabiri 850 Paradise of Wisdom, based on Galen, Hippocrates work, included appendix w/ translations from India. • Al Hakm earliest known book in medical sciences, physiology etc. • YuhannaIbnMasawyh “disorders of the eye” “knowledge of the oculist examinations” Kita-Al Mushajarr al-Kabir, descriptions, diagnosis, symptoms, treatments of disease. • HunyanibnNishaq “The book of introduction to medicine” 1stislamic text to be translated into Latin