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England’s Reaction to Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution. From Queen Elizabeth I to William of Orange. Queen Elizabeth I. Daughter of Henry VIII Battle w/Parliament over finances Protestant No heirs (“Virgin Queen) Cousin James inherits the throne. James.
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England’s Reaction to Absolutism and the Glorious Revolution From Queen Elizabeth I to William of Orange
Queen Elizabeth I • Daughter of Henry VIII • Battle w/Parliament over finances • Protestant • No heirs (“Virgin Queen) • Cousin James inherits the throne
James • “Kings are justly called gods, for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of divine power on earth.” • Upset the Puritan controlled Parliament by not ridding the English church of Catholics or making Puritan moral reforms
Charles I • Constantly at war with France & Spain • Needed tons of $ to finance wars • Parliament would not grant him the $ until he signed the Petition of Right • Could not imprison subjects w/o due cause • Could not tax w/o Parliaments consent • No quartering • No martial law in times of peace
Charles I • Charles signed, but ignored the document • In order to get his funding, Charles establishes fees & fines • Charles becomes extremely unpopular • Charles still needs more $$$$$ • Parliament opposes him • Mobs take to the streets • Charles flees London & gathers army of loyalists
English Civil War1642-1649 • Cavaliers (Royalists) vs. Roundheads (Puritans) • Oliver Cromwell • Becomes general of the Roundheads • Defeats Cavaliers, arrests Charles, and tries him for treason • Charles is found guilty and sentenced to death • *first time a king is publicly put on trial and executed
Oliver Cromwell • Abolishes monarchy and establishes House of Lords • England is now a commonwealth and has the first European constitution • Cromwell decides that he likes having power • Tears up constitution • Makes himself military dictator • Abolishes entertainment (theatre) • Tolerant to all religions besides Catholicism
Charles II • Cromwell dies in 1658 and the government collapses • The English want the monarchy restored after experiencing the military dictator. • The son of Charles I, Charles II, is restored to the throne
The Restoration • Sports & theatre restored • Women are allowed to act on stage for the first time • The arts are promoted and flourish
We’ve got ourselves a “sticky wicket” • Who’s to rule? • Charles had NO legitimate children • He had a brother James, but he was Catholic and since England was mostly anti-Catholic, they were not happy with him ruling.
James II • James becomes king, but flaunts his Catholicism • Appoints Catholics to high government positions, despite a law that prohibited Catholics from holding office • Parliament protests James actions and ends up dissolving Parliament
Bye-Bye Dad! • Many English feared a succession of Catholic kings • James II had a Protestant daughter who married William of Orange, a Protestant prince from the Netherlands • Parliament asks them to come to England with an army to overthrow James in the name of Protestantism
Glorious Revolution • The army is never needed • James flees to France • This bloodless overthrowing of King James II is called the Glorious Revolution
But not so fast… • In order to become king William and Mary had to agree to a Bill of Rights, which limited the power of the monarchy and increased the power of Parliament.