The Global Cold War

1. The Global Cold War • Decolonization • US activities in Iran and Guatemala • Cultural interactions • Cuba and John F. Kennedy’s foreign policy

2. Decolonization • 1945 Ho Chi Mihn proclamation of Vietnamese nationhood is based on US declaration of independence • 1947 India and Pakistan achieve independence from Great Britain; Jawaharlal Nehru favors socialism as route for independence • 1949 Indonesia achieves independence from the Netherlands • 1955 Bandung Conference of 29 Asian and African nations in Indonesia • 1957 Ghana achieves independence from Greate Britain; African-American leaders serve as advisers to Kwame Nkrumah, who also favors socialism • 1964 Tanzania formed as an independent state; becomes center of black nationalist movement • 1966 Black Panther Party founded in the US; establishes ties to Tanzania • 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America • 1975 Mozambique and Angola independent from Portugal

3. Decolonization Map

4. Soviet Threat to the World

5. “Save the Holy Places,” cartoon, 1948

6. US Activities in the Middle East • Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil company • 1953 CIA aided coup d'état in Iran and installed Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi which ruled until 1979 Islamic Revolution • 1956 Egypt’s Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal • 1956 Israel, France, and Britain invade Egypt; Eisenhower forces them to abandon the invasion; US replaces Britain as a major power in the region • 1957 Eisenhower doctrine: US will defend the Middle Eastern governments from communism and Arab nationalism • 1958 Eisenhower sends 5,000 troops to Lebanon to protest pro-Western Christian government against Nasser

7. Shah Pahlavi receives an honorary degree from Columbia University, 1953

8. US Activities in Guatemala • Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán announces plans to nationalize United Fruit Company • 1954 CIA coup d’etat in Guatemala overthrows Guzman and installs a military dictatorship • 200,000 die in repressions in the following years • 1993 CIA helps restore democratic government in Guatemala

9. Military junta entering Guatemala City in a jeep driven by CIA agent Carlos Castillo Armas

10. Dizzy Gillespie in Zagreb, Yugoslavia on 1956 State Department-funded tour of Southern Europe, the Middle East and South Asia

11. Woody Herman in Santiago, Chile, 1958

12. Louis Armstrong meets Sir Ahmadu Bello, Sardauna of Sokoto and Premier of the Northern Nigerian Region in Kaduna, Nigeria, 1960

13. Benny Goodman in Moscow, 1962

14. Duke Ellington in New Delhi, 1963

15. W. E. B. DuBois on his 95th birthday in Ghana, with Kwame Nkrumah

16. Maya Angelou on visiting Ghana

17. Pete O’Neal, former Black Panther, talks about ending up in Tanzania

18. Connections between South African aparteid and US segregation

19. John F. Kennedy’s Foreign Policy • 1959 Cuban Revolution; US declares trade boycott when Castro starts nationalizing US assets • Kennedy narrowly wins presidential election, promises to close “missile gap” • January 1961 inaugural address: “ Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” • Peace Corps: by 1966, over 15,000 served • Promised to land man on the moon (accomplished in 1969) • Alliance for Progress in Latin America - financial aid controlled by elites • April 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba - failed, 1,400 invaders, 100 killed, 1,100 captured • August 1961 Cuban Missile Crisis - success, Kruscheev agreed to withdraw the missiles, US would not invade Cuba and would remove weapons from Turkey • 1963 speech at American University - calls for cooperation with the Soviets: “No government or social system is so eil that its people must be considered as lacking in virtue.” • 1963 Nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviets • 1963 Kennedy assasinated, Lyndon Johnson President

20. US TV news report on the Cuban revolution

21. Che Guevara on Bay of Pigs Invasion

22. Kennedy on Cuban Missile Crisis

23. New York Times photograph made after President John F. Kennedy’s assassination

24. Dallas TV on assassination and Abraham Zapruder film

25. Jack Ruby shoots Lee Harvey Oswald

26. New Yorkers react to Kennedy’s Assassination

27. Soviet theories about Kennedy’s Assassination

28. The Onion on Kennedy assassination

29. The Onion on Kennedy assassination

30. Nuclear Arms Race • Kennedy administration builds up conventional and nuclear arms • Cuban missile crisis • Robern McNamara: “mutual assured destruction” • 1963 U.S.-Soviet treaty banning atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons • 1964 France successfully tested its first nuclear weapon • 1967 China’s first successful nuclear test • 1969, the nuclear non-proliferation agreement signed by the U.S. and the Soviets

31. Dr. Strangelove (1964) - “the doomsday gap”

32. US Activities in Vietnam • 1945 Ho Chi Mihn proclamation of Vietnamese nationhood is based on US declaration of independence, begins war with French colonizers • 1950 US funds 3/4 of French expenses in the war • 1956 pro-US South Vietnam leader Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to hold elections • 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on the use of military force in Vietnam • 1973 Paris peace agreement ends war in Vietnam for America