Science 7 final exam study guide

1. Science 7 final exam study guide 13. Define atmosphere (p90): a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around the planet 14. List the mixture of gases in Earth’s atmosphere: Nitrogen % = 78 Oxygen % = 21 Other gases % = 1

2. 15. Draw the diagram of the layers of the Earth’s atmosphere (p92).Exosphere = cold = outer spacethermosphere = warm = mesosphere = cold =stratosphere = warmOZONE LAYERtroposphere = cold = the air we breathe

3. 16. Where is air pressure greater (p94)? Ground level (troposphere) , molecules are condensed17. Does temperature increases or decrease with altitude in the mesosphere (p95)? decrease18. Define ozone layer and explain why it is important to earth (p96). SKIP19. What is CFC’s? SKIP

4. 20. Why does the Equator receive more direct sunlight than the poles (p103)? Earth’s tilt is on its axis.The solar energy is spread over a large area starting from the south pole to the equator.23. warm air is ___ dense than cool air (p107). less24. Differences in ___ and pressure cause air movement and wind (p107). Density

5. Define (back page)radiation= transfer of energy (E) in the form of raysconduction= transfer of E that occurs when molecules bump each otherconvection= transfer of heat by the flow of a heated materialcondensation= change from gas to liquid

6. evaporation= change from liquid to gasprecipitation= droplets combine and falls out of cloud.CIRRUS = feathery clouds associated with fair weatherSTRATUS = puffy white cloudsclouds may cause deforestationthree different height categories for clouds

7. 28. Define weather (p118): the interaction between air, water and sun causes weather29. How does air temperature cause wind (p119)? Wind is caused by air moving from areas of high pressure (cool, dense air) to areas of low pressure (warm, rising air).31. Describe how clouds form (p122). Draw a picture.Formed by water droplets suspended in air.

8. 32. What are the four main types of precipitation (p124)?RSleet = raindrops pass through a layer of freezing air Snow = when the air temperature is below freezingHail = can break windows and destroy crops 33. Define air mass (p126). A large body of air that is similar to the Earth’s surface.

9. 34. What kind of air mass would you expect coming out of the following areas:Gulf of Mexico= maritime and tropicalcentral Canada= polar and continentalPacific Northwest (off Pacific Ocean)= polar and maritimeMexico= continental and tropicalMARITIME = moist air over water CONTINENTAL = dry airover landPOLAR = cold airTROPICAL = warm air

10. Define, draw and label 4 types of fronts = p127 to 128cold front = when cold air advances toward warm air, [draw blue triangles] warm front = when warm air advances over heavier cold air, [draw red semi-circles]occluded front = cold air forces warm air upward, [draw purple semi-circles and triangles on the same line]stationaryfront = neither cold nor warm air advances, [draw red semi-circles alternating with blue triangles]

11. Describe the following (p131 to 133)thunderstorm = heavy rainfalls, lightning, thunder occurs in warm, moist air mass. Most powerful storm.hurricane = travels east to west.tornado = violent, rotating column of air on the groundblizzard = the winds are 56 km/h, low temp, and snow for 3 hrswarning= when severe weather conditions already exist

12. skip 37, 38, 39Part 3: forces & motiondefine (p684-689) = equationdisplacement is the distance and direction between starting and ending positions = no equationspeed = distance (m)/ time (s)velocity = displacement (m)/ time (s)acceleration = (final speed – initial speed)/ t m /s2

13. Solve41. Mr. Mayo takes 15 seconds to run the 100 meter dash. What is his average speed?Time= 15 s speed= distance/timedistance= 100 m ? =100m/15sspeed= ? 6.6 m/s42. Ms. Jen travels 800 km to visit a friend and travels at an average speed of 40 km/hr. How long does her trip take?Distance = 800 km speed= distance/timespeed= 40km/hrtime=?

14. 43. Mr. Zetlin goes from a speed of 0 m/s to 10 m/s on his skateboard in 5 seconds. What is his acceleration? Time = 5 s a= (final spd - initspd)/tinitial speed = 0 m/s a= (10-0m/s)/ 5sfinal speed = 10 m/s a= 2m/s2acceleration=?

15. Newton’s Three Laws of Motion (p690-705)1st Law of Motion = an object at rest stays at rest with a constant speed and in a straight line2nd Law of Motion = for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction

16. 45. What is inertia (p692)? The more mass an object has, the more resistance it has, to change the motion.46. The more ___ an object has, the more inertia is has (p692). mass

17. 47. A force is a ___ or a ___ (p693). Push , pull48. A ___ force is a force exerted when two objects are touching each other (p693). contact49. ___ and ___ forces are examples of long range forces. Gravity, electrical50. ___ forces will cause a change in motion (p693). unbalanced

18. 51. Write the formula for acceleration according to Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion (p694). Force (Newton) = mass (kg) X acceleration (m/s2)Rearrange the formula to use for finding F (p695). a= F/mass, mass= Force/a52. What is the force of Mr. Mayo’s 60kg toy truck when it has an acceleration of 4 m/s2?A= 4m/s2 force = mXamass= 60kgforce= ?

19. 53. Ms. Jen moves a 25kg rock out of her way while climbing. The rock has a acceleration of 3 m/s2 , what is the force she used to move the rock?

20. 54. Define gravitational force (p696): it is the pull of an object towards the center of the Earthdefinition = an amount of matter in an object = mass plus gravityunit = kg = Newtonchange w gravity = no = yesinstrument to measure = triple beam balance = spring scale55. What is friction …(p697-699)? Force that opposes motion, causes heat and slows down an object

21. 56. Why is it necessary for tires to have grooves or tread in them? 57. Why do you feel the Earth’s gravitational force, but not the gravitational force of someone sitting next to you? The more mass, the greater gravity. The closer the distance, the greater the gravity58. Carbon dioxide ___ as we use more from fossil fuels and global ___ (p730). increases, warming

22. 59. Earth can be ___ by the greenhouse effect however ___ gas increases the greenhouse effect(p163). warmed, carbon dioxide60. Define fog (p123). Air condenses to the ground.61. Define smog = it is a type of pollution that combines smoke and ___. fog

23. 62. The four inner planets are __ (p195). Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars63. Mercury is the ___ planet to the Sun (p196). closest64. Venus is called our sister planet because it looks like the planet ___ (p196). Earth65. Mars has the largest ___ in our solar system (p196). volcanoes

24. 66. A meteor is a ___ that enters Earth’s atmosphere (p196). Meteoroid67. Comets are made of ___(p200).rocks and icy particles68. Asteroids are ___ that are located between planets ___ (p200). Rocks, Mars and Jupiter

25. 68. Define solstice (p182). The sun’s rays are north and south of the equator.69. Define equinox (p183). The length of day equals the length of night.70. The equator receives ___ of the sun’s rays. The Earth’s ___ does not change much (p183). most, temperature

26. 71. The north and south pole has the ___ amount of sun’s rays during the solstices (p182). least72. If the sun is above the equator, which season is the north pole? This also gives the north pole during this season 24 hrsof sunlight (p183). summer 73. The three land features of the moon are ___ (p184). craters, maria, and highlands

27. 74. Define lunar eclipse (p190).74. Define lunar eclipse (p190). When the moon is in the Earth’s shadow.75. Earth is a ___ shape (p179) with a ___ shadow (p180). spherical, curved76. Earth ___ 24 hrs in a day (p180). rotates77. Define AU (p194). An Astronomical Unit; it is the distance between Earth and the Sun

28. 78. Define biotic. living or once livingbiotic examples: tiger, leather shoes, wooden ruler, cotton79. Define abiotic. non livingabiotic examples: plastic ruler, ceramic mug80. Energy is neither created or destroyed but recycled81. The water cycle has no beginning or ending

29. 82. Opposable thumb can grab and reach for things.83. Hominids = first humanlike primates 84. earliest hominids are Australopithecus85. humans are called homo sapiens sapiens