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Welcome . I’m Heidi Campbell. Can you describe the difference in acquire versus learning a language?. Many aspects of acquiring a language we may simply be unaware of. Much of today will make you aware of many subconscious aspects of language.
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Welcome I’m Heidi Campbell
Can you describe the difference in acquire versus learning a language?
Many aspects of acquiring a language we may simply be unaware of. • Much of today will make you aware of many subconscious aspects of language.
What is one thing we all do when we come together? How do you know? Elaborate.
Language • Speak and be spoken to by others who know that language • Produce sounds that signify certain meaning • Understand/interpret sounds produced by others. • Language is more than speech • Modality of expression can vary such as sign language. • Speaking a language requires knowledge that most speakers are unaware of.
Knowledge of the Sound System • Why would a French speaker pronounce ‘this’ and ‘that’ as ‘zis’ and ‘zat’? • Why would a Native English speaker have difficulty pronouncing • Nkrumah or • Xnoskribnwztl?
Knowledge of words • Is ‘boy’ a word? • Is ‘moy’ a word? • Is ‘toy’ a word? • How do you know?
When you know a language = • You know: • words in that language • which sequence of sounds are related to specific meanings and which are not.
Can you draw a picture of a house/tree and label it? What is linguistically involved in this process? Relation of Form and Meaning…
When you know a language = • When we learn a language we learn a picture of a house represents the word house • In French a picture of a house is represented by the word maison. • As Juliet said… “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet.”
What is Onomatopoeic? Can you give an example? Is this the same in every language?
Onomatopoeic = example buzz or murmur. • Differs per language. • In English what sound does a Turkey make: = gobble gobble. • In Istanbul a turkey goes glu-glu.
Words are finite • Sentences are infinite • You may begin learning a language by learning words • In actuality learning a language involves much more than learning the words only
The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge • (Sounds form words) (Words form phrases) (Phrases form sentences) • Noam Chomsky = one of the people most responsible for modern revolution in language and cognitive science refers to infinite sentence creation and the ability to comprehend as the creative aspect of language. • Contrary to Chomsky, behaviorist believe language is a set of learned responses to stimuli. • Knowledge of a language, makes it possible to understand and produce new sentences. Few sentences are stored in our brain. All human languages permit their speakers to increase the length; complexity of sentences; creativity is a universal property of human language.
Knowledge of Sentences and Nonsentences • How do you know the difference in Sentences and Nonsentences? • Not every string of words constitutes a sentence.
Linguistic Competence = • Linguistic Performance =
Linguistic Knowledge :Linguistic Competence and Performance • Summary Linguistic Competence and Linguistic Performance in your notes: • Linguistic Competence = what we know versus: • The knowledge necessary to produce sentences of a language
Linguistic Performance cont. • Linguistic Performance = how we use this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension – applying knowledge of language to form comprehensible communication. If sentences are too long speakers will lose track of what they have said or comprehend. Sentences are thoughts organized into a string of words. • For the most part linguistic knowledge is unconscious knowledge, ie acquisitions. • The linguistic system – the sounds, structures, meanings, words and rules for putting them all together is acquired with no conscious awareness.
Read through the notes on Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammars. While both have some good points, you must pick one side to defend…
Why or what is different about learning a second language than a first language?
Teaching Grammars • Teaching grammars assume that the student already knows one language • Then compares the grammar of the target language with the grammar of the native language.
Language Universals • Universal grammar = • those rules representing the universal properties that all languages share. • Particular grammar = • rules of particular languages
Describe how your parents taught you the rules of grammar as you started to speak, but before you started school? How frequent did your parents give you direct grammar lessons?
The Development of Grammar • Children acquire a language within a short period of time despite the fact that parents and other caregivers do not provide them with any specific language instruction.
Phonetics Chapter 6 What is phonetics? page 229-234 (20 mins)
Objective: Discuss the speech sounds the human vocal tract is designed to make, how they are produced and how they may be classified.
Phonetics: What is Phonetics? • The Sounds of Language. • The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.
What are 2 words you can make with b, s and u?When you know English you know the sounds represented by the letters b, s and u.
The pronunciation of words is affected by its predecessor, (relaxed pronunciation) . • When we speak the sounds seems to run together and it isn’t at all obvious where one sound ends and the next begins.
Read the following: • I have acouplasocks 'round here somewhere. • Ain'tchadone yet? • Algo next. • D'jeat yet? • F'yno how to do that problem, then just do it. • Why jask? • Wassamattawit'chu? • Whatayadoin'? • You didn't bring your truck wijyadidja?
It is important to know what an individual sound is, and how each sound is different. • It can be difficult to identify how sounds differ because when we speak, the sounds seem to run together and it is not at all obvious where one sound ends and the next begins. • Fortunately when we know the language we hear the individual sounds in our minds ear and are able to make sense of them. • Mother: hold on / 2 year old – I’m holing don • not know word breaks
Knowing there are individual sounds, and these sounds run together, how would you change to improve instruction?
Implications for you as a teacher, be aware of speech pace, and make it appropriate – not too fast or slow.
Speakers of different languages run their words together, we are just not self aware.
While all languages have sounds, • languages vary because they differ to a greater or lesser degree • in the inventory of speech sounds that words are built on. • This is also known as language distance.
Articulatory phonetics • Acoustic phonetics- physical properties of sound. • Auditory phonetics – how listeners perceive sounds. • Articulatory phonetics – the concern of Ch 6 – study of how the vocal tract produces the language
Orthography – AKA: Alphabetic spelling • Alphabetic spelling, • does not represent the sounds of a language in a consistent way.
Phonetics is a science • We must devise a way for the same sound to be spelled with the same letter every time, and for any letter to stand for the same sound every time. • Example: Did he believe that Ceasar could see the people seize the seas? • The same sound is represented by: ae, eeeo, ei • Combination of letters represents one sounds = shoot, character, • Some letters have no sound (silent letters) knot, gnaw, lamb autumn, sword
Why was the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) created? • Since it was unsuccessful to change spelling, hence phoneticians had to invent an alphabet to represent • one sound = one symbol correspondence. • International Phonetic Alphabet IPA – was created in 1888 to symbolize the sounds of all languages. • It uses both ordinary alphabet and invented symbols. • Each character of the alphabet had exactly one value across all of the world’s languages.
P. 234 • Read the paragraph in your group – • then report back to the whole class… • (In goups of 4 one person in each group take a paragraph – then all 1s come to the front)
