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EISENHOWER & THE COLD WAR

EISENHOWER & THE COLD WAR. 1952 Election. FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, A WWII MILITARY HERO, WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952 WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA AND END THE WAR. “Dynamic Conservatism”.

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EISENHOWER & THE COLD WAR

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  1. EISENHOWER & THE COLD WAR

  2. 1952 Election FORMER GENERAL DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER, A WWII MILITARY HERO, WAS ELECTED PRESIDENT IN NOVEMBER 1952 WITH A PLEDGE TO GO TO KOREA AND END THE WAR.

  3. “Dynamic Conservatism” -Wanted to run the government efficiently, so he appointed businessmen to his cabinet -Attempted to balance the budget but was only successful 3 out of 8 years -Removed federal authority over some New Deal programs but not all -Established a termination policy for Native Americans -Created the Department of Health, Education, & Welfare

  4. A “New Look” in Foreign Policy -Sec. of State John Foster Dulles -Strategic Air Command – super bombers capable of dropping nuclear weapons -Massive Retaliation – U.S. would launch an instant nuclear attack to stop the spread of communism Dulles practiced “brinkmanship” which he defined as "the ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is the necessary art”. He was attacked for intensifying the Cold War and damaging relations with neutral as well as Communist nations.

  5. The Vietnam Nightmare *AFTER WWII, HO CHI MINH, LEADER OF THE COMMUNIST VIETNAMESE, BELIEVED THAT THE U.S. WOULD NOT ALLOW FRANCE TO RETURN TO ITS FORMER COLONY. *WHEN FRENCH SOLDIERS RETURNED TO REASSERT THEIR AUTHORITY AND RECLAIM THEIR COLONY A, BITTER NINE YEAR WAR BEGAN. *THE U.S. FUNDED MOST OF THE WAR FOR FRANCE IN AN EFFORT TO CONTAIN COMMUNISM. FRENCH INDOCHINA HO CHI MINH

  6. Geneva Agreement *French were defeated at Dienbienphu *Geneva Accords temporarily divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel until elections could be held *U.S. refused to sign, calling it a “disaster” *U.S. sent advisors and economic aid to the new leader of S. Vietnam, Ngo Dinh Diem President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles (from left) greet South Vietnam's President Ngo Dinh Diem at Washington national airport in 1957.

  7. SEATO DULLES CREATED SEATO (SOUTH EAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION) IN 1954 AS A DEFENSIVE PACT TO DEFEND THE NATIONS AGAINST COMMUNIST ATTACK. IT WAS DISBANDED IN 1977 AFTER SEVERAL MEMBERS QUIT.

  8. The Soviets & Cold War Politics *Nikita Khrushchev & Eisenhower met at the 1955 Geneva Conference – attempted to discuss disarmament & Berlin *Open Skies proposal *Nothing was accomplished NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV DENOUNCED THE CRIMES OF STALIN IN A FAMOUS 1956 SPEECH AND SET OUT TO REFORM THE USSR. ALTHOUGH HE ADVOCATED “PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE” THERE WERE SEVERAL SERIOUS ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE TWO SUPER POWERS WHILE HE WAS IN OFFICE. IN 1956 HE ANNOUNCED AT A UN SPEECH THAT “WE (USSR) WILL BURY YOU (US)”.

  9. 1960 U-2 Incident *On May 1, 1960, the Soviets shot down an American U-2 spy plane over the Soviet Union. *The pilot, Gary Powers, was captured. *Eisenhower refused to apologize. *Khrushchev canceled a planned East-West summit in Paris.

  10. The Space Race *Soviet Union launched Sputnik on Oct. 4, 1957, then Sputnik II one month later *Demoralized Americans *Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (1958) *Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration

  11. Crisis in Guatemala 1954 *In Guatemala, President JacoboArbenz nationalized thousands of acres of land, much of it owned by the American-based United Fruit Company. *Eisenhower sent the CIA in to conduct a covert operation by removing Arbenz & establishing a new, pro-American government.

  12. Suez Crisis 1956 *President Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt needed money to build a dam in the upper Nile River. He turned to the U.S. and the Soviets. *Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal (July 1956). *Britain, France& Israel feared that he might close the canal entirely & decided on military action. *United Nations forced them to withdraw. *Eisenhower established the Eisenhower Doctrine. SUEZ CANAL

  13. Crisis in Cuba 1959 FIDEL CASTRO ON JANUARY 1, 1959 A REVOLUTION IN CUBA SUCCESSFULLY OVERTHREW THE GOVERNMENT. ON JANUARY 6TH FIDEL CASTRO BECAME PREMIER AND LATER COMMUNIST DICTATOR OF CUBA. MANY CUBANS FLED TO THE U.S.

  14. Crisis in Cuba American interests dominated Cuba’s economy. -40% of Cuba’s sugar industry -90% of Cuba’s telephone & electric companies -50% of its railroads -25 % of its banking -70% of Cuba’s imports came from the U.S. CASTRO AND KHRUSHCHEV In 1960, Castro signed a trade agreement in which the Soviet Union agreed to purchase 5 million tons of sugar over a five-year period. The Soviets would supply Cuba with crude oil and petroleum products, as well as wheat, iron, fertilizers, and machinery.

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