Ancient Egypt 3100-671 B.C.

1. Ancient Egypt 3100-671 B.C.

2. The Nile River • Located in Northeast Africa • Flows North 4,145 miles or 6,671kilometers from mountains of central Africa to the Mediterranean Sea • Last 600 miles in Egypt • Shortly before the Niles reaches the Mediterranean Sea it branches to form an area of fertile land called a delta

3. Advantages • Every July the Nile River flooded the river banks leaving behind large amounts of rich soil. • Water was lifted from the Nile using machines called shadoofs to basins- bowl shaped holes- to water crops during the dry season • Protected by the surrounding desert, Mediterranean Sea, and cataracts-waterfalls

4. Why did most Egyptians live in the Nile delta? The Nile provided rich soils for farming and protection

5. Upper Kingdom Southern part of Nile River Valley Namer also known as Menes was king Lower Kingdom North Delta Egypt’s Two Kingdoms

6. About 3100 B.C. Narmer led armies to conquer Lower Egypt. He succeeded and married one of the princesses, uniting both kingdoms. He wore a double crown- high white of the South and shallow red of the north

7. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. • Lasted nearly 500 years • During this time cities became centers of religion and government • Kings, priests and government officials, and artisans-skilled workers- lived in the cities • However, most Egyptians did not live in the cities. They lived along the banks of the Nile which was owned by the rich.

8. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. • The rich lived in wood and brick houses with beautiful gardens and pools. Servants and artisans lived there also to make boats, weave linen, make tools and pottery. • Poorer, most people, farmed the estate and lived in reed and mud houses later mud brick that was built on high ground to avoid flooding • When not farming, they built monuments, dug ditches, and repaired roads.

9. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. • During this time Egyptians kings became pharaohs- great house. • Pharaohs were given great respect • The Egyptians believed that a strong country came from a strong ruler

10. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Pharaohs • Rulers, priests, gods • Ruled on earth as other gods ruled in heaven • Owned all land in Egypt- gave gifts to rich and priests • Created dams and irrigation canals to preserve rich lands • Granaries- buildings for storing grain in case of a bad harvest • Controlled everything- taxes, trade, and permits

11. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Religious Beliefs • Believed in many gods • Hapi-River god • Re- Sun god • Osiris- god of harvest and eternal life • Isis and Osiris- ruled over the dead

12. Goddess Ammit Annubis Re Egyptian Gods and Goddesses Apedemak

13. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Religious Beliefs • Egyptians studied “Book of the Dead” to learn magic spells in order to be granted life after death • Embalming-preserve bodies of the dead

14. Involved placing the body in a box and covering it with the chemical natron. The body would dry up causing shrinkage. Body was then wrapped in linen-mummy 1st used because they believed pharaohs’ souls could not live w/o their body Important so soul could take care of Egypt Later used for everyone-rich in coffins in tombs, poor in sand Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Religious beliefs-Embalming

15. A hole was made in the body, and the embalmers pulled out all the internal organs except for the heart.

16. Hole stuffed with linen and spices

17. After 40 days, the body was carefully wrapped in linen bandages. Priests said spells while the body was wrapped.

19. Old Kingdom 2600 B.C. Pyramids • Built on West bank of Nile because the sun set in west • To honor and protect pharaoh’s body from floods, robbers, and animals • Pharaohs buried with personal belongings to make them happy after death

20. Pharaoh Djoser Step Pyramid at Saqqara

21. Pyramids in Giza

22. Middle Kingdom 2300 B.C. • Government officials take over • 200 years of confusion follows • Pharaohs take back control and bring peace this is known as the Middle Kingdom • Pharaohs had less power- buried in tombs after death • Started to trade with countries beyond the Nile • Ended in 1786 B.C- Hykos, people of Western Asia, invaded using weapons of bronze and iron, and chariots—Egyptians had weapons of copper and stone, and of foot

23. Middle Kingdom 2300 B.C. • The Hykos ruled Egypt for about 150 years. • Even though many of the customs stayed the same, Egyptians hated them. • Around 1550 B.C. Egyptian Prince Ahmose, using Hykos weapons, uprose and drove out the Hykos.

24. New Kingdom • Ahmose started a new line of pharaohs • Hatshepsut-pharaoh who built temples and traded with areas along the east coast of Africa. Traded for monkeys, ivory, ebony-blackwood, leopard skins, incense, and hunting dogs • Egypt grew richer and stronger, larger cities

25. Queen Hatsheput Sphinx

26. Temple of Hatshepsut

27. New Kingdom • Pharaohs marched armies into lands of the east • Thutmose III, stepson of Hathshepsut,spread control into Syria and Palestine forming the Egyptian Empire

28. New Kingdom Religion • Egyptians began worshipping a new god, combining Amon, god of Thebes which was also the new capital, with sun god Re creating new god Amon-Re, most powerful god of all • Many temples were built in his honor

29. New Kingdom Temples • Industrial centers providing work for sculptors and artisans • Treasuries • Schools for scribes-writers, profession passed from father to son. Scribes wrote religious works such as spells, charms, and prayers. Also records of pharaohs’ laws, list of taxes, stories, and medical prescriptions • Hieroglyphic- kind of writing in which pictures stand for words or sounds, appear on monuments

30. Decline of the Egypt • Priests of Amon-Re gained power in government, land, and wealth • Pharaohs lose power • 1370 BC Amenhotep IV wanted pharaohs to rule so he closed temples of Amon-Re and set up new religion with only one god, Aton. Only family and close advisors accepted • 1360 B.C. Amenhotep died, son-in-law Tutankhamen became pharaoh. Only 9 years old and died after ruling 9 years.

31. Pharaoh Tutankhamun Canopic Coffins

32. Boats found in Tutankhamun’s Tomb

33. Decline of the EgyptEgypts lose of Power • War • Struggle between priests and pharaohs • Importation of iron ore for weapons- cost to much • 1150 B.C. Egypt’s empire was gone • Civilization was taken over by the Assyrians in 671 B.C.

34. Contributions of Egyptians • Papyrus- paper made from a reed called papyrus, also used to make sandals, baskets, rafts, river boats • Ink • Number system based on 10, fractions and whole numbers, geometry to survey land after floods • Used flooding to create a calendar • First specialist in medicine- dentists, eye doctors, animal doctors, surgeons, splints, bandages, compresses, settling bones

36. Using this map what are some physical characteristics of Egypt?