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ISLAM

ISLAM. Muhammad. Born into powerful Meccan family- orphaned by age of 6 Married Khadijah - she ran a caravan trade (he worked for her) During prayer & meditation the angel Gabriel told Muhammad he was the messenger of God What God told him is called “Revelations”

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ISLAM

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  1. ISLAM

  2. Muhammad • Born into powerful Meccan family- orphaned by age of 6 • Married Khadijah- she ran a caravan trade (he worked for her) • During prayer & meditation the angel Gabriel told Muhammad he was the messenger of God • What God told him is called “Revelations” • Preached there is only one God (Allah)

  3. Mecca • Birth place of Muhammad • Important city for pilgrimage & trade • People did not like Muhammad because they saw him as a threat to their Gods

  4. Ka’aba

  5. Ka’aba • Arabic word for cube • House of worship in Mecca • Associated with Abraham • Housed statues of idols that Muhammad would later destroy

  6. Hijrah • Migration from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib) by Muhammad • In Medina Muhammad gains support and Islam grows! • Muhammad is accepted as the political leader in Medina • Plans to return to Mecca and spread Islam

  7. Return To Islam • Muslims and Meccans battle for years • Muhammad & his followers (10,000) return to Mecca • Mecca knew that they were going to be defeated, so they surrendered. • Muhammad goes to the Ka’aba and destroys the fake idols and proclaims- there is only ONE God… ALLAH!

  8. Islamic Religion • Islam = “submission to the will of Allah” • Muslim= “one who has submitted • Mosque= Islamic house of worship • Quran = Holy Book • Sunna= Muhammad’s example of the proper way of living • Shari’a= Islamic law- a combination of the Quran and Sunna • “People of the Book” – Jews & Christians. Muslims extend religious tolerance to them. They all have holy books with similar teachings

  9. 5 Pillars of Islam • Faith- “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah” • Prayer- Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca. May pray at a mosque. • Alms- give charity to those less fortunate. • Fasting- fast during the holy month of Ramadan. • Pilgrimage- (hajj) to Mecca once in life.

  10. Successors of Muhammad • Caliph=successor or deputy (leader in Islam after Muhammad dies- he left no successor or rules for choosing a successor) • “Rightly Guided Caliphs”- first four caliphs (friends & followers of Muhammad) • Abu-Bakr- The first Caliph to follow after Muhammad’s death • Umar, Uthman, and Ali- followed Abu-Bakr • They spread Islam- conquer land

  11. Successors of Muhammad • Umayyads take over after the Rightly Guided Caliphs (Ali and Uthman were murdered). • Umayyads start a hereditary system of succession rather than using the caliph system • Ummayads- lost power to the Abbasids because they started to live a luxurious life- people rebelled against them • This causes a split in the religion… who should be the ruler?!?!

  12. Split in Religion • Shi’ites/Shi’a = believes that only those related to Muhammad should become caliph • Sunni= “followers of Muhammad’s example”- believes anyone who’s capable could be caliph. • Sufi= lived a life of poverty and devotion. Thought to found a spiritual relationship with God through meditation & chanting. (similar to Christian & Buddhist monks)

  13. Abbasids • Control Iberian Peninsula, Northern Africa, the Middle East to India • Move capital to Baghdad(center of BIG dynasty- easier to rule) • conquers Spain by 750 BC- Muslims control Spain and start to move into the rest of Europe. • Established major trade routes on the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean • Spread of Islam stopped at the Battle of Tours. Near France. Muslims vs. Charles Martel… Muslims lost and were held in Spain.

  14. Abbasids

  15. Abbasids • Considered Golden Age of Muslim Empire • House of Wisdom-library, academy (school) and translation center. • Scholars translated Greek & Roman literature • MAJOR achievements in: • Medicine: medical reference books, books on smallpox & measles, clean air=healthier • Math: al-jabr (algebra) • Astronomy: charted stars, comets, planets, • Art & Architecture: calligraphy, domes & vaulted ceilings.

  16. Mansa Musa • Ruler of Mali- a huge Empire that stretched from the Atlantic to deep within Africa • Islamic culture played important role in his government • Commissioned Mosques to be built in Timbuktu- Mali’s capital • Muslim scholarship prospered and Timbuktu became an important center of learning

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