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Urinary Drill

This urinary drill provides information on the functions of the excretory system, urine formation, kidney structure, blood supply, nephron structure, and kidney function. It covers topics such as filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and the driving forces behind urine formation.

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Urinary Drill

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  1. Urinary Drill Name the functions of the excretory system. What is the functioning unit of the kidney? How many are there per kidney?

  2. Urinary Drill • List & describe the steps for urine formation. • What is the renal corpuscle made of? • What are the parts of the convoluted tubule? • What are the name of the cells that open and close in the glomerulus? • What controls the podocytes?

  3. Urinary Drill • What is the driving force of filtration and secretion? • How big is your kidney? Why is the right kidney lower that the left kidney? • Where does urea and uric acid come from? • How does Aldosterone and AtrialNatriuretic Factor effect urine formation?

  4. What is the function of the kidneys? • What is the function of the ureters? • What is the function of the urinary bladder? • Why are the uretherea, bladder, and ureter coated with mucus?

  5. Urinary System

  6. Function 1. Excretion 2. Regulation of blood volume and pressure. 3. regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood. 4. Regulation of extracellular fluid pH. 5. Vitamin D synthesis.

  7. I. Kidney Structure A. External 1. Size of your fist. 2. Kidney bean shaped. 3. Right kidney is slightly lower than the left, due to liver. 4. Renal Fascia - anchors kidney & adrenal gland to surrounding tissues. 5. Adipose Capsule - Cushion layer. 6. Renal Capsule - thin, transparent layer of fibrous tissue.

  8. B. Internal 1. Renal medulla - inner most. a. Hilum - Concave portion where the renal artery & vein unit with the kidney. b. Renal sinus - space. c. Renal pelvis - membrane line basin. d. Calyces - funnel shaped channels from the pelvis & collects newly formed urine. 2. Renal Cortex - Outermost layer 3. Renal Pyramids 4. Renal Columns - Parts of the cortex extends into the medulla. 5. Nephrons - functional subunit of the kidney.

  9. Kidney Structure

  10. C. Blood Supply - 1200ml/min @ rest. To the nephron From the nephron 1. Renal artery 7. Efferent Arterioles 2. Lobar Arteries - 5 in the renal sinuses 8. Interlobular Veins 3. Interlobar Arteries - renal pyramids 9. Arcuate Veins 4. Arcuate Arteries - Between Cortex & medulla 10. Interlobar Veins 5. Interlobular Arteries - Cortex 11. Lobar Veins 6. Afferent Arterioles - to nephron 12. Renal Veins

  11. Blood Supply to Kidney

  12. D. Nephron Structure - 1 million/kidney A portion is in both the medulla & cortex Two parts a. Renal Corpuscle 1. Bowman Capsule 2. Glomerulus a. Fenestrae - pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus. b. Podocytes - specialized cells. c. Filteration slits b. Renal Tubule - Series of single layer tubules 1. Proximal Convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal Convoluted tubule

  13. E. Blood Flow Through Nephron Blood Afferent - Large -> Glomerulus - Narrow & creates high back pressure Efferent Blood <- PeritubularTubulars - porus & low pressure

  14. Nephron

  15. F. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 1. Distal convoluted tubular contacts the afferent arteriole. 2. Regulates the rate of urine formation.

  16. II. Kidney Function Removal of unwanted substances (through excretion - urea & uric acid) from the blood stream & maintain a fluid balance electrolyte concentration, & pH. A. Urine formation 180 L (145 gallons)/day - 35 time your total blood volume. 99% of the fluid is returned to the blood stream. 1% 1-2 L is excreted as urine. 3 step process

  17. 1. Filtration - movement of blood plasma across the filtration membrane at the renal corpuscle. a. Filtrate - fluid & dissolved substances that penetrate the membrane. b. High hydrostatic pressure at the glomerulus (glomerular capillary pressure) pushes plasma through the filtration membrane. c. Net Filtration pressure (NFP) 10mm of mercury. d. Rate of filtration is determined by filtration that is present. High filtration pressure= high volume of filtrate

  18. Reabsorbtion

  19. 2. Reabsorption a. 99% of water, majority of nutrients, essential ions are removed & transported to nearby peritubular capillaries. • K+, Ca+, HCO3-, Cl- b. Reclaiming of material is returned to the blood stream resulting in a concentration of wastes that remain in the tubule. c. Filtrate vs urine Filtrate - Same as blood plasma except the lack of proteins. Urine - more concentration of ions, urea, & uric acid d. Reabsorption procedure Proximal Convoluted Tubule 65% of reabsorption. Main site of water & solute reabsorbtion.

  20. Reabsorption in the Proximal Tubule

  21. Urine Substances

  22. 3. Loop of Henle 15% of reabsorption. Descending - continues water reabsorption Solute concentration increases Ascending - Reabsorption of solutes (Chloride, sodium) More dilute because of the removal of solutes.

  23. Ascending - Reabsorption of solutes (Chloride, sodium) More dilute because of the removal of solutes.

  24. Reasorption in Distal tubule collecting dcut

  25. 4. Secretion - Net movement of unwanted substance from the peritubular capillaries into the proximal convoluted. How does this movement occur? Active transport - H ions (controls the body’s pH), Potassium ions, Penicillin) Diffusion – urea Facilitated diffusion

  26. III. Urea & Uric Acid Formation Nitrogen containing wastes products from cellular metabolism A. Urea Liver’s metabolism of AA creates ammonia (toxic), so it is quickly converted to urea by the liver & released in to the bloodstream. 50% is excreted in urine/50% is reabsorbed by the body. B. Uric Acid Metabolism of certain nucleic acids. 10% is removed by urine

  27. IV. Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume Fluctuates in response to our changing condition of our body to maintain a constant blood composition & volume. Large salty meal -Increases slat in urine & increase urine volume. After exercise - Urine volume is less with less salt. Juxtaglomerular regulates urine formation & is triggered when NFP decreases.

  28. A. Renin & Angiotensin – Increases water re-absorption. Renin converts a plasma protein to Angiotensin. Angiotensin is then converted in the blood into Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II effects the adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone which increases re-absorption of Sodium, Chloride, water (increases blood pressure). Increases in blood pressure, increases NFP, increased in filtrate production.

  29. B. Aldosterone-Increases water re-absorption. Released by the Adrenal Gland Regulates rate of active transport in the distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct. Increases the re-absorption of sodium by transporting it out. Water follows because of the concentration gradient. Volume of urine decreases, increase in blood pressure.

  30. C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) - Posterior Pituitary Gland. Increases water re-absorption. Increases in blood volume - Pituitary releases ADH. Increases the permeability of distal tubules & collecting ducts to water. Water absorption increases, therefore blood volume increases. Increase in urine concentration. D. AtrialNatriuretic Factor- decreases water re-absorption Released by the cells in the right atrium of the heart when blood pressure changes within the heart. Reduces the ability of the kidneys to reabsorb water & solutes, resulting in a large volume of urine, therefore blood pressure decreases.

  31. E. Sympathetic Stimulation- Decreases water reabsorption Nerve impulses from the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of afferent arterioles. Vasconstriction results in decreased in blood flow passing through the glomerulus. Decreased in NFP. Decreased in filtrate & urine volume. From heavy exercise or excitement.

  32. Hormonal regulation overview

  33. V. Maintenance of Body Fluids Uptake of water & electrolytes = removal. Organs involved Skin, liver, organs of the alimentary canal, & kidney (largest effect).

  34. VI Regulation of pH 7.35 - 7.45 are normal ranges Low pH Acidosis (respiratory or metabolic) high pH Alkalosis (respiratory or metabolic). A. Buffers. Resist changes in pH. Three main buffers Proteins Phosphates Bicarbonate - most important because it regulates the respiratory & urinary system. H20 + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3 In blood Carbonic anhydrase

  35. B. Respiratory System (+) CO2, (-) pH, brain increases in deep breathing - more CO2 exhaled pH(+). (-) CO2, (+) pH, brain decreases breathing, less CO2 leaves, CO2 builds up in tissues, (+)H ,(-) pH . C. Kidney (-) pH, increases the rate of secretion of H @ the same time rate of reabsorbtion of bicarbonate ions. Excess H are removed & restoring the pH. (+) pH reduces rate of H secretion & bicarbonate reabsorbtion Lower pH.

  36. Regulation of pH

  37. Regulation of Potassium

  38. Regulation of Calcium

  39. VII Ureters A. Carries newly formed urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. B. Pair tubular organ designed for transport. C. Arise from the renal pelvis. D. Extend downward along the vertebral column. E. Behind the peritoneum (retroperitoneal).

  40. E. Wall of each ureter as three layers. 1. Inner - mucus membrane, protects underlying cells from the passage of urine. 2. Middle -Smooth muscle & elastic fibers, peristaltic contraction. 3. Outer - fibrous connective tissue that protects the underlying tissue. F. Flap at each opening that acts as a one way valve.

  41. IIX Urinary Bladder A. Is an expandable saclike like organ that receives urine from the ureters & stores it until release into the urethra. B. Located on the floor of the pelvis behind the symphysis. C. Top surface is only covered by peritoneum. D. Walls are extremely elastic. E. Average capacity of 500 ml, but it can hold twice that. F. Ureteral openings. G. Trigone - frequent site of urinary infections.

  42. H. Walls of the bladder is made up of four layers: 1. Innermost – mucous 2. Connective - supportive. 3. Smooth muscle, Detrusor muscle - longitudinal & circular layers of fibers. 4. Fibrous connective tissue.

  43. IX Urethra A. Transports urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior, differs between males & females. B. Internal urethral sphincter - smooth muscle, involuntary keeps urine in the bladder. C. External urethral sphincter - skeletal muscle – voluntary 1. Males a. 8 inches long b. Passes through the prostate. c. Carries reproductive fluids. 2. Females a. 1.5 inches long

  44. X. Micturition (voluntary control between 2-3) A. Process of emptying the bladder & is both a voluntary & involuntary response. B. 200 ml, bladder wall stretches to activate the stretch receptors. C. Send a signal to the spinal cord. D. Motor signal are sent to the bladder by a reflex arc. E. Detrusor muscle to contract & internal urethral sphincter to relax. F. As detrusor continues to contract, increase urge to void. G. Maybe stopped by the exterior urethral sphincter if timing is not appropriate. H. Further contraction of the detrusor

  45. XI Problems with the Urinary System A. Anuria - absence of urine due to kidney failure or obstruction B. Claculi - kidney stones due to increased salts in urine. Uric acid crystals that precipitate out of the blood stream & build up in the lower gut. Excess of calcium salts. C. Cystitis - Inflammation of the urinary bladder due to entry of a bacteria through the urethera. D. Hematuria - Presence of blood in the urine caused by cuts in the urinary tract E. Renal Failure & Dialysis

  46. 1. loss of the kidney’s ability to respond to changes in the body. 2. rapid loss of fluid, electrolytes. 3. build up of wastes Acute - abrupt stoppage, temporary. 4. Pain, Reduce urine output, bleeding. 5. Injury, infection, drugs. 6. Chronic - progressive loss of kidney function because of reduced glomerular function. 7. Build of urea in blood, pH imbalance, electrolytes imbalance. 8. Kidney failure - no formation of urine, result in rapid build. of of toxic wastes, & acidic pH - death in 8 - 10 days. 9.Kidney transplant or dialysis - 3 times a week.

  47. Dialysis

  48. XII Testing for healthy kidneys A. Urinalysis - analysis of chemical content of a urine sample

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