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Chapter 7. Memory. Recall of Observations Test. [Memory is] a man's real possession...In nothing else is he rich, in nothing else is he poor. (Alexander Smith, Scottish essayist & poet, 1830-1867) Memory is what makes our lives...Without it, we are nothing ( Luis Bunuel, filmmaker).
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Chapter 7 Memory
[Memory is] a man's real possession...In nothing else is he rich, in nothing else is he poor. (Alexander Smith, Scottish essayist & poet, 1830-1867) Memory is what makes our lives...Without it, we are nothing (Luis Bunuel, filmmaker)
What is memory? • the process by which we recollect prior experiences and information and skills learned in the past There are three kinds of memory, three processes of memory and three stages of memory.
Create the following table in your notes and think of at least 5 things for each category…
Three Kinds of Memory Chapter 7, Section 1
Episodic Memory memory of a specific event; took place in your presence or you experienced it examples: What did you have for dinner last night? What was on last week’s quiz? flashbulb memory: clear memory of an emotionally significant event; great detail Why? • distinctness of memory • connected to other events that are important to the time
Generic Memory general knowledge that people remember (you probably don’t know when you first learned it) examples: Washington was the first president alphabet
Procedural Memory consists of skills/ procedures you have learned (usually stays with you for many years, even if not used) examples: throwing a ball riding a bike typing playing a musical instrument driving a car
Three Processes of Memory Chapter 7, Section 2
Answer the following questions in your notes… • What letters do not appear on the telephone keypad? • How many sides do most pencils have? • In what hand does the Statue of Liberty carry the torch?
Encoding • first stage of processing information; translation of information into a form in which it can be stored Types of Encoding: • visual codes—attempt to see info in your mind as a picture • acoustic codes—record info in your memory as a sequence of sounds • semantic codes—try to make sense of the info a. patterns b. phrases/cue words c. discover meaning
Storage • maintenance of encoded info over a period of time Strategies: • maintenance rehearsal-repeating info over and over to keep from forgetting it; the more time spent repeating, the longer the info will be remembered; poor method for permanent storage • elaborative rehearsal-make info meaningful by relating it to info already well known; more effective than maintenance rehearsal • organization systems-memories become organized and arranged in your mind for future use like a filing system that organizes info into classes and groups filing errors—some memory errors are due to incorrect “filing”
Memorize this alphabet… = g = a = d = h = e = b = i = f = c
What if you had used this to memorize it??? b c a d e f g h i
Retrieval • consists of locating stored info and referring it to conscious thought; method of retrieval used may have to do with the way you encoded it Methods of retrieval: • context-dependent memory-info that is more easily retrieved in the context in which it was encoded and stored • state-dependent memory-memories that are retrieved because the mood in which they were originally encoded is recreated • tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon—belief that a piece of info is stored in our memory although we can’t retrieve it easily
Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon • adhesive • sacrilegious • flask • catamaran • homonym • catastrophe • armistice • taxidermist • idolize • calligrapher • metropolis • insubordinate • unicorn • gerontology • blemish
Three Stages of Memory Chapter 7, Section 3
Sensory Memory • first stage of memory; immediate, initial recording of information • memory trace- impression made by information on our senses
Short-term Memory • memory that holds information briefly before it is stored or forgotten; AKA working memory • lasts 10-12 seconds • used a lot (thinking about something, solving problems, doing/remembering HW) • information begins to fade rapidly after a few seconds
Some more short-term vocab… • primacy effect- tendency to recall the initial items in a series • recency effect- tendency to recall the last items in a series • chunking- organization of items into familiar or manageable units • interference- occurs when new info appears in short-term memory and takes the place of info already there DEMO
Long-term Memory • third (final) stage of memory • capacity of memory: • no known limit to how much information • limited only by the amount of attention we pay to things • memory as reconstructive: • memories are reconstructed from bits and pieces of our experiences; shaped by our personal views of the world; like a puzzle • schemas: • mental representations we form of the world by organizing bits of information into knowledge
Three “3’s” of Memory Three Kinds of Memory
Eyewitness Testimony and the Misinformation Effect “About how fast were the cars going when they ____ each other?” smashed 41 m.p.h. collided 39 m.p.h. bumped 38 m.p.h. hit 34 m.p.h. contacted 32 m.p.h.
