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World War II

World War II. Section 1. From Appeasement to War. Japan’s Expansion into Asia. 1931- took Manchuria League of Nations protested, but was powerless…Japan withdraws from LON 1937- full scale invasion of China Ease of Japan’s conquest in Asia inspired Italy and Germany.

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World War II

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  1. World War II

  2. Section 1 From Appeasement to War

  3. Japan’s Expansion into Asia • 1931- took Manchuria • League of Nations protested, but was powerless…Japan withdraws from LON • 1937- full scale invasion of China • Ease of Japan’s conquest in Asia inspired Italy and Germany

  4. Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia • LON-sanctions against Italy, but no power to enforce • 1936- Italy had conquered Ethiopia • 1936-Italy formally annexes of Ethiopia

  5. Hitler Breaks the Treaty • Hitler inspired by Japanese and Italian expansion • 1-remiliitarized Germany • 2-Sent troops to Rhineland (3/36) (demilitarized zone) bordering France • *Western democracies denounced Hitler, but chose the policy of appeasement • US passed the Neutrality Acts • 10/1936- Hitler and Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis- Axis Powers • Hitler Breaks Treaty of Versailles

  6. Spanish Civil War • Loyalist were supported by the Soviet Union • Nationalists were supported by Germany and Italy…win the War • Spain headed by Fascist dictator Francisco Franco • Spanish Civil War (test run for WWII)

  7. German Aggression Continues • Austria • Hitler wanted more living space for Germans, and the “Aryan race” had the right to conquer the inferior races • 1938- bullied Austrian chancellor to appoint Nazis to key government posts • 3/1938- sent troops and proclaimed it part of Germany…Anschluss was created • Western Democracies- no action

  8. German Aggression Continues • Czechoslovakia • Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland (region in W. Czech) be annexed

  9. The Munich Conference • 9/1938- GB and France again chose appeasement • Gave Hilter the Sudetenland if he promised no further expansion plans • Compromise: • Germany gets Sudetenland • Respect Czech sovereignty • Chamberlain- “peace in our time” • Churchill- “war or dishonor”…”chose dishonor, they will have war” • 3/15/1939- Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia • Czechoslovakia • West Prepared for war---promised to protect Poland

  10. Nazi-Soviet Pact • 8/23/1939- Nazi-Soviet Pact • Not to fight eachother and to divide Poland and Eastern Europe between them • Nazi-Soviet Pact • 9/1/39- Germany Invaded Poland • 9/3/39- GB and France declared war on Germany • WWII had begun

  11. Section 2 THE AXIS ADVANCES

  12. Hitler Looks to the West • 9/1/1939- German Luftwaffe targets Poland using Blitzkrieg or “Lighting War” • Blitzkreig • 1- Air force bombings and dive bombers • 2- Fast-moving tanks and troops move in • Germany attacked the west, while the Soviets attacked from the east…within weeks Polan ceased to exist • GB and France who declared war on 9/3 could do nothing to help Poland

  13. The Invasion of Scandinavia • While the French and British waited behind the Maginot Line… • 4/1940- Germany’s Blitzkrieg took DenmarkNorway • 5/1940- German takes the Netherlands and Belgium • Meanwhile in GB- Chamberlain stepped down, and Winston Churchill became the new Prime Minister • MAP

  14. Miracle of Dunkirk • French, British and Belgian troops were trapped in the NW corner of France • Hitler halts his forces (inexplicably) • May 26, 1940-850 vessel armada rescues the 300,000 troops and takes them safely to Britain • Under constant air and ground attacks • Rescue raises British morale

  15. The Fall of France • Germany sweeps into France and on June 14 take Paris • June 22, 1940- Hitler forces the French to sign surrender documents in the same railway car used to sign the armistice in WWI • France signs armistice with Germany • Germany occupies the north while a “pupper government” (Vichy) is set up in the south • Some French officers escape to England (Charles de Gaulle) to work on a resistance

  16. Battle of Britain • All that stood in the way of western domination for Hitler was Churchill and GB • Hitler thought GB would seek peace…he was wrong • Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion- the invasion of Britain • Massive airstrikes on the island (8/1940) • The Blitz (9/1940)-bombing of Britain • 6/1941- Britain had not fallen as the Luftwaffe failed to dominate the airs over Britain • Battle of Britain

  17. Eastern Europe and Africa • While Hitler dominated Europe, Mussolini pushed in North Africa and the Balkins (7/10/1940- Italy declares war on GB and France) • By 4/11/1941- Axis had pushed Allies out of Yugoslavia, Greece and Libya • Led by Ger. Erwin Rommel • ***By 1941- the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Europe***

  18. Germany Invades the Soviet Union • Due to failed attempt at GB, Hitler looked to S.U. for his expansion…turns out to be a costly mistake • 6/1941- Massive invasion of S.U. begins (surprised Stalin)- Operation Barbarossa • Made motives clear- RESOURCES and crushing Communism • 3 million troop invasion • The unprepared Soviets lost 2.5 million • Scorched Earth Policy (Stalin)- If Germans force a retreat, destroy everything

  19. Germany Invades the Soviet Union • By Nov 1941 Germany controlled 40% of the Soviet population • Dec. 1941- Germany began an assault on Leningrad attacking Moscow • As the Nazi invasion stalled, the winter of 1941 set in…Moscow and Leningrad would not fall

  20. Japanese Expansion • Japan seized opportunity to take European colonies in Asia • Dutch East Indies and French Indo-China • GB fled Singapore • Invaded Indo China • Established “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”- new order • Asians were happy to get Europeans out • US Response • Put embargo on the scrap iron

  21. Japanese Expansion- con’t • Tripartite Pact • Germany, Italy and Japan • 9/1940 • Right to every nation to “receive space to which it is entitled” • Cooperate with goals and aid if attacked

  22. Anglo-American Cooperation • Leading up to WWII American government stressed neutrality • FDR- worried by German expansion felt GB and France could not stop Germany alone • After Dunkirk, US gave GB 50 destroyers • Cash and Carry Policies- Cash for needed supplies (GB running out of money) • Lend-Lease- President can lend war equipment to any country vital to US security

  23. Pearl Harbor • US demands Japan to withdraw from Indochina and China • Embargo on oil and froze Japanese assets in US • War with US • US stands in way of expansion • Key to success against US was to destroy the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor • US and other Japanese though Pearl Harbor would be safe from attack (Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto disagreed

  24. Pearl Harbor- con’t • Dec. 7, 1941- attack on Pearl Harbor • 19 ships, 2400 people killed • Fortunately for US- aircraft carriers were at seas and escaped attack • Dec. 8- US declares war on Japan • Pearl Harbor • Japanese American Backlash • Executive Order 9066

  25. The Nazi Order • Hitler hoped for “New Order” • Nazis rule Europe • Enslave conquered people and force them to work for the “Master Race” • Master Race • Exterminate “undesirable elements” • Jews and Slavs, etc…

  26. The Holocaust • July 1941- implemented plan for extermination of Jews (“Final Solution”) • Millions rounded up and taken to Concentration Camps (Dachau and Auschwitz) • 6 million Jews murdered • 6 million Slavs and Gypsies

  27. The Allies • Dec. 11, 1941- Germany and Italy honor Tripartite Pact and declare war on US • GB backs US and declares war on Japan • Stalin pleads for a second front to take pressure off of Soviets • Allies postponed invasion of Europe • Set sites on North Africa and the Mediterranean • The Allies

  28. Section 3 The Allies Turn the Tide

  29. The Soviet Offensive • July 1942- things going badly for Soviets- full retreat • Germans approaching Stalingrad • Soviet counterattack and encircled Germans • Soviets and winter cause German surrender in February 1943 *Major turning point in war- broke the back of the Nazi Military Machine Battle of Stalingrad

  30. War in the Desert • GB led by Bernard Montgomery against the Germans led by Rommel (“Desert Fox”) and Vichy French who controlled French North Africa • Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower brokered a deal with a Vichy official • Gave Vichy French N. Africa • Ended resistance • French Resistance moves in to help Allies

  31. War in the Desert- con’t • Rommel tells Hitler the situation is helpless • Hitler refuses • Germany later surrenders in Tunisia • War in the Desert

  32. Invasion of Italy • Allies meet in Casablanca to develop a plan • Invade Sicily • Leads to Mussolini’s downfall • It. King Emmanuel III • Fires and arrest Mussolini • Dissolves Fascist party and surrenders • Germany continues to control peninsula • 6 month artillery bombardment to rid the Germans • Invasion of Italy • First Allied foothold in Europe

  33. D-Day • June 6, 1944 • Confusion and heavy German resistance made invasion difficult • Huge Allied success • Within 1 Million troops poured in France • July 25- broke though German line • D-Day • August 25- Paris is liberated

  34. Yalta and Potsdam • Victory Over Germany • Allies attack Germany while Soviets moved from the east • Despite heavy losses Hitler refused to surrender. • Last offensive- Battle of the Bulge (12/44) • Allies cross the Rhine River (German defensive barrier) • May 7, 1945- Germany surrenders • Postwar Conferences: • Yalta-(2/1945) Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin • Postwar Plans-divide Germany and creation of United Nations • Potsdam(7/1945) • Occupy Germany • Ultimatum to Japan • Wartime alliance pulling apart

  35. Section 4 Victory in Europe and the Pacific

  36. V-E Day • May 7 Germany surrendered • May 8, 1945 was proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

  37. War in the Pacific • While war waged in Europe Japan had a great deal of success in Asia • Taken:Malaya, Singapore, Burman, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Islands and Philippines • Allied success • Coral Sea • Midway-ended Japanese naval superiority in Pacific • Guadalcanal *Leapfrogged its way to Japan

  38. War in the Pacific- con’t • After a pause to rebuild…Allies resumed quest for Japan in 11/1943 • Led to kamikazes attacks • Suicide mission • War in the Pacific

  39. Victory Over Japan • Summer of 1945- Allied victory was inevitable (Japan refused to surrender) • Iwo Jima and Okinawa- fiercest battles in Pacific- Allied Victories • After refusing multiple ultimatums the US decided to use their new weapon- Atomic Bomb • Hiroshima(8/6/45) and Nagasaki(8/9/45) were bombed- 200,000 Japanese lost their lives • September 2, 1945- Japanese surrender- WWII over • Victory Over Japan

  40. Section 5 The End of WWII

  41. War’s Aftermath • The war had killed as many as 50 million people around the world • As the war ended people began to learn the full extent of the inhumanity of the Holocaust • At the Nuremberg Trials nazi leaders were tried for “crimes against humanity” • The western allies occupied Germany and Japan with democratic constitutions

  42. Establishing the United Nations • April 1945, 50 nations convened in San Francisco to draft a charter for the United Nations • General Assembly- all members voted • Security Council- had the right to veto any decision (US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China)

  43. Effects of the War • 70 Million Fought • 50 Million+ casualties • SU-22 Million • Germany- 8 Million • Japan- 2 Million • 6 Million Jews (Holocaust) • 400,000 Americans • Use of new weapons made WWII the most destructive in history

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