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ISLAM

ISLAM. Beginnings. Arabia. I. Pre-Islamic Arabia (before 600 AD). Arabia was polytheistic . Allah may have been the high god or the creator-god People lived in clans and tribes (often nomadic) Loyalty to one’s clan was supreme

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ISLAM

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  1. ISLAM Beginnings

  2. Arabia

  3. I. Pre-Islamic Arabia (before 600 AD) • Arabia was polytheistic. • Allah may have been the high god or the creator-god • People lived in clans and tribes (often nomadic) • Loyalty to one’s clan was supreme • Blood Retaliation: the responsibility to avenge any attack on one’s tribe/clan • No protection for murderer if he kills one in his clan • Personal honor was very important • Courage: displayed through raiding • Generosity: displayed through hospitality • Poetry was very important • Poets were seen as having mystic power and were historians • Camels were very important • It’s been said that there are over 1000 Arabic words for “camel” • Influence of monotheism in the region: • Judaism and Christianity were practiced in Arabia

  4. II. Mecca • City of Mecca was a center of religion • In the center of town was the Kaaba • Tall black box believed to be built by Abraham • Inside it were 360 statues to deities • Mecca held annual pagan religious festivals • Made Mecca wealthy

  5. Grand Mosque in Mecca

  6. Kaaba

  7. Kaaba

  8. III. Muhammad • Born around 570 AD in Mecca • Many legends about his early life: • Shadow or cloud followed Muhammad • Monk in Syria foretold his future as a prophet • God kept him from sinning • He was employed by Khadija, a rich widow, who was a merchant and trader • Khadija admired Muhammad’s honesty and character and desired to marry him • Khadijaeventually proposed to him • Muhammad was 25, Khadijawas 40 when they married • She bore Muhammad 4 daughters and 2 sons (sons died in infancy)

  9. Mt. Hira where Muhammad received his first revelations • 610 AD – Muhammad (age 40) had first revelations. • Had been meditating on Mt. Hira near Mecca • Angel Gabriel visited Muhammad and told him to recite what was said • Would become the Qur’an • He was afraid of the message at first • 1st believer was Khadija • Muhammad had more revelations • But most of them were auditory • More converted to Islam • Muhammad’s ideas began to disrupt Mecca’s polytheistic trade • A Meccan named Umarwas strong and opposed Muhammad with others • He was trying to kill Muhammad, but converted after hearing words from the Qu’ran

  10. Muhammad’s miracle was his Night Journey • He was taken to “the farthest mosque” and then to heaven • Traditionally identified as the Al-Aqsa Mosque on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem • In the morning he returned to the Kaaba • This showed Muhammad’s equality to earlier prophets • Muhammad said he was restoring the original Islam • Introduced by Abraham, but Jews and Christians distorted pure Islam

  11. Night Journey

  12. Dome of the Rock Al-Aqsa Mosque

  13. IV. The Hijra: Move to Medina • Muhammad encouraged Muslims to escape persecution and move to Medina • Muhammad escaped an assassination attempt • He too moved to Medina • His camel chose where he would stay • Ummah: community of Muslim believers. First established in Medina • In Medina, Islam became more organized • First mosque built • Ummahgrew in Medina • Muslims prayed toward Jerusalem (as did the Jews) until new revelation to pray toward Mecca

  14. Muhammad and Muslims raided caravans from Mecca to make up for damages and to pressure Mecca • Battle of Badr – Muslims defeat Mecca soldiers in a caravan raid • Muslims had 300 soldiers, Mecca had 900 • Was an important victory for Muslims and built their confidence in Muhammad and Islam • Resulted in all out war between Medina and Mecca • Battle of the Trench • Mecca sent an army of 10,000 against Medina and an army of 2,000 • Muslims dug defensive trench; Mecca had no siege weaponry • Mecca army was forced to retreat • Muslims now viewed as the main power • Jews were executed for their treason of Medina

  15. Treaty was made with Mecca • Muslims allowed annual pilgrimage • During a pilgrimage a Muslim was killed in Mecca (circa 630 AD) • 10,000+ ordered to attack Mecca • Mecca surrendered before much blood was shed • Many converted to Islam • Muhammad immediately went to the Kaaba and purged it of 300+ idols • Islam spread to nearly all Arabia • Muhammad would take 10 wives in the years after Khadija’s death • His favorite wife was young A’isha (was around 9 when they married)

  16. Expansion • Legend • ██  Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, 612-632 • ██ Expansion during the Unified Caliphate, 632-661 • █ Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750

  17. V. Death of the Prophet • Muhammad died in June 632 AD in the arms of A’isha at age 63 • He was the “Seal of the Prophets” – had received the final revelation for all mankind and for all time • Who would become leader of the Islamic faith? • Should the next leader be a friend or a relative? • Muslims divide over who should lead • Shiite (wanted family member) and Sunni (wanted close companion) • Muhammad had four close companions (but no sons)

  18. Al-Masjidal-Nabawī -"Mosque of the Prophet"

  19. VI. Unified Caliphate • Caliph: Political and spiritual leader of ummah • 1. Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s close friend, became first Caliph • 2. Umar, radical convert to Islam, became 2ndCaliph • Led conquest of Iran, Syria, and Jerusalem. Killed by a slave • 3. Uthman, friend of Muhammad, became 3rdCaliph in his old age • Weak Caliph from Mecca aristocracy, finally assassinated • 4. Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law, became 4th and final Caliph • Civil war broke out among Muslims. A’ishaled movement against Ali. He too was assassinated. • This ended the unified Caliphate (632-661)

  20. Expansion • Legend • ██  Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, 612-632 • ██ Expansion during the Unified Caliphate, 632-661 • █ Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750

  21. Mosque in Iraq: resting place of Ali

  22. VII. Shia and Sunni Islam • Ummah split into two denominations after Muhammad’s death • They share most aspects of faith • Sunni Islam: largest denomination • Follow the Sunnah: “the way and manners of the Prophet” (how he lived his life) • Hadith is also very important! (sayings and deeds of Muhammad; often part of Sunnah) • Shia Islam: second largest denomination • Believe descendents of Muhammad should be Imams • Imam: leaders chosen by God to perfectly lead ummah • Last Imam disappeared around 870 AD and believed to reappear with Jesus to bring peace and justice • Shi’itedon’t follow Sunni Hadith – have a different Hadith based on Muhammad and Ali • Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Bahrain have majority Shi’ites • 85% of Muslims are Sunni

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