
Unit 4 Ancient Olympic Games.
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1. not doing sth as your job, but only for pleasure or interest
eg. an amateur orchestra
2. someone who does an activity for pleasure or interest, not as a job
eg. Plato believed that the soul is immortal.
2. an immortal line, play, song etc is so famous that it will never be forgotten
eg. Shakespeare’s immortal lines
eg. She absolutely worships those children.
3. worship the ground sb walks on:
to admire or love sb so much that you cannot see their faults
eg. A laurel wreath
根据传说,古代的奥运会是由宙斯的儿子赫拉克勒斯创办的(罗马大力神)。我们依旧保留着第一届奥运会的书面纪录,那是在公元前776年举办的(但大家普遍认为在这之前奥运会已经举办了很多年了)。在这次奥运会上,一位裸体的赛跑运动员Coroebus赢得了奥运会上唯一的比赛项目,赛跑-将近192米的赛跑(210码)。这使得Coroebus成为历史上第一个奥运会冠军。古代奥运会不断发展并坚持每四年举行一次,至今已经持续了近一千二百年。在古代奥运会上,女子是不允许参加比赛的,甚至当观众都不可以。当时的比赛项目也很少,只有讲希腊语的自由民才能参加比赛,从其他国家来的运动员都不可以参加。同样的,奥运会过去一直在奥林匹亚举行,而不是每次到不同的地方轮流举行。
eg. a democratic management style
eg. Brian usually gets home in time to cook for the children.
“Did you catch your plane?” “Yes, we got there just in time.”
2. after a certain period of time, esp after a gradual process of change and development
eg. “Don’t worry – I’m sure things will get better in time.”
Sparta (公元前7世纪末~公元396年) 古代希腊最强大的的城邦中,雅典第一,斯巴达第二。所谓城邦,就是一个国家,它以城市为中心,周围是乡镇。斯巴达位于希腊半岛南部的拉哥尼亚平原。拉哥尼亚三面环山,中间有一块小平原。“斯巴达”原来的意思就是“可以耕种的平原”。约在公元前11世纪,一批叫做多利亚人的希腊部落,南下侵入拉哥尼亚,他们毁掉原有的城邦,在这里居住下来,这就是多利亚人的斯巴达城——不过它既没有城墙,也没有象样的街道。斯巴达人就是指来到这里的多利亚人。斯巴达人形成了一种独特的政治制度,整个社会过着军事化的生活,孩子们从小受到的教育就是军事训练。斯巴达人轻视文化教育。青少年只要求会写命令和便条就可以了。
eg. A sacred vow
2. greatly respected or believed to be holy
eg. Cows are sacred to Hindus.
3. extremely important to you
eg. He thinks his parking space is sacred.
a sculpture representing a human or animal
eg. The statue was carved out of marble.
They decided to perpetuate the memory
of their leader by erecting a statue.
柏拉图是西方客观唯心主义的创始人,
其哲学体系博大精深,对其教学思想
影响尤甚。柏拉图认为世界由“理念世界”
和“现象世界”所组成。理念的世界是真实的存在,
永恒不变,而人类感官所接触到的这个现实的世
界,只不过是理念世界的微弱的影子,它由现象所
组成,而每种现象是因时空等因素而表现出暂时变
动等特征。由此出发,柏拉图提出了一种理念论和
回忆说的认识论,并将它作为其教学理论的哲学基
础。
共和政治的基本含义就是,国家和政府是公共的,而不是私人的,国家和政府应当为公共利益而努力,而不应当为私人利益而奋斗。共和政治的另一个基本含义是,国家各级政权机关的领导人不是继承的,不是世袭的,也不是命定的,而是由自由公正的选举产生的。因而,公正而自由的选举,是判断一个国家是否真正实行共和政治的又一基本准则。
名词colonial:
形容词colonial:
eg. The former colonial possessions are now independent states.
2. of animals who live in colonies, such as ants
3. composed of many distinct individuals unified to form a whole colony
1.change toward something smaller or lower
eg. I wish prices would decline.
2. a condition inferior to an earlier condition;
a gradual falling off from a better state
eg. She is on the decline, and may die soon.
3. a downward slope or bend
eg. The wall declined slightly on account of
the earthquake.
狄奥多西一世(约346年-395年1月17日)
亦作狄奥多西大帝,是罗马帝国皇帝(379
年~395年),392年统治整个罗马帝国。他
是最後一位统治统一的罗马帝国的君主,并
在380年2月27日将基督教定为国教。
eg. He smarted from the savage attacks on his film.
2. wild and menacing
eg. These civilizations flourished while
Europeans were still savages living in caves.
eg. His wife was a constant inspiration to him.
2. a product of your creative thinking and work
eg. Many poets and artists have drawn their inspiration from nature.
eg. The society was dedicated to furthering the cause of world peace.
eg. A democratic way of life is a life of give and take.
2. mutual interaction; the activity of reciprocating or exchanging (especially information)
eg. A happy marriage depends largely on give and take.
1. strike violently and repeatedly
eg. Someone is battering at the door.
The ship was battered against the
rocks.
eg. He was breaking up under the strain.
3. injury to a muscle (often caused by overuse); results in swelling and pain
eg. You will strain your eyes by reading in such poor light.