Unit 4 Ancient Olympic Games

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1.奥林匹克运动会起源于古希腊，因举办地点在奥林匹克而得名。第1届古代奥运会于公元前776年举行，到公元394年共举行了293届。自1883年开始，法国人顾拜旦致力于古代奥运会的复兴。经他与若干代人的努力，国际奥林匹克委员会于1894年6月23日成立。奥林匹克的格言“更高、更快、更强”顾拜旦提出的。1896年4月6――15日，第一届奥林匹克运动会在雅典举行。 2.2008年8月8日-24日，北京将举办第二十九届奥运会，共有28个大项，这讲师项目最多的一届奥运会。届时，北京将举办大部分比赛项目，青岛、香港、沈阳、秦皇岛、上海、天津将协办部分赛事。北京奥运会的理念是绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运，并倡导开放办奥运、创新办奥运、节俭办奥运、廉洁办奥运、全民办奥运的方针。中国人民正在为举办一届有特色、高水平的奥运会在不懈努力。 3.同一个世界同一个梦想，集中体现了奥林匹克精神的实质和普遍价值观——团结、友谊、进步、和谐、参与和梦想，表达了全世界在奥林匹克精神的感召下，追求人类美好未来的共同愿望深刻反映了北京奥运会的核心理念，体现了作为“绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运”三大理念的核心和灵魂的人文奥运所蕴含的和谐的价值观。建设和谐社会、实现和谐发展是我们的梦想和追求。“天人合一”，“和为贵”是中国人民自古以来对人与自然，人与人和谐关系的理想与追求。

4.福娃是北京2008年第29届奥运会吉祥物，其色彩与灵感来源于奥林匹克五环、来源于中国辽阔的山川大地、江河湖海和人们喜爱的动物形象。福娃向世界各地的孩子们传递友谊、和平、积极进取的精神和人与自然和谐相处的美好愿望。福娃是五个可爱的亲密小伙伴，他们的造型融入了鱼、大熊猫、藏羚羊、燕子以及奥林匹克圣火的形象。每个娃娃都有一个琅琅上口的名字:“贝贝”、“晶晶”、“欢欢”、“迎迎”和“妮妮”，在中国，叠音名字是对孩子表达喜爱的一种传统方式。当把五个娃娃的名字连在一起，你会读出北京对世界的盛情邀请“北京欢迎您”。福娃代表了梦想以及中国人民的渴望。他们的原型和头饰蕴含着其与海洋、森林、圣火、大地和天空的联系，其形象设计应用了中国传统艺术的表现方式，展现了中国的灿烂文化。 5.从自己开始，学好外语和礼仪，为迎接外宾做准备。从身边做起，保持环境整洁，节约资源，宣传绿色奥运。做一名无私的志愿者，为北京奥运会增光添彩。做一名文明的观众，为奥运健儿助威呐喊。

The modern Olympics movement emerges in the Europe capitalism industry time, but its origin may trace to the ancient Greece Olympics games, an ancient Olympic Games every four years session, has the first session of Olympic Games from 776 B.C. which the writing records to the A.D. 393 years, altogether has conducted 293 sessions, lasted for in 1169, passed through the production, the development and the feeble several social classes. First, ancient Greece natural environment and unexpectedly technique movement custom formation. The superior geographical position, causes the ancient Greece to become many kinds of cultural connection places, and therefore sped up the social development advancement, in the science, the culture, domain and so on in art and sports has made the various remarkable contribution for the humanity, becomes the western civilization the birthplace. The technique movement is the important content unexpectedly which the Greek lives.

Second, the Olympic Games initial period event also responded the war and the ancient Olympic Games' development relations. Starts 500 years period, the Olympic Games project from the A.D. 776 years expands gradually, develops from the sole race for has the wrestling, mixes fights, boxing, four horses combat tanks, horse-drawn vehicle match, test of strength, horse racing, five movements projects and so on comprehensive games, these events, are many with the military skill related, responded war actuation function which develops to the Olympic Games event. Although the ancient Olympic Games' event has the obvious military brand mark, but Olympic Games itself is a grand meeting actually which the entire Greek nationality happily gathers in one place. Although conflict between various city-states occurs frequently, but between them relates also is extremely close, starts specially from the B.C.E. 8 centuries, colonizes the movement along with the ancient Greece starting, has formed Greek civilization circle in the Mediterranean Sea region.

Third, ancient Greece religious custom and Olympic Games pattern formation. The ancient Olympic Games are one kind exude Greek the religious celebration, has the following three characteristics: One, to Mt. Olympus Zhu Shen prostrating oneself; Two, some unique sacrificial offering system; Three, has the rich religious myth fable. Fourth, ancient Olympic Games' rise and fall. May divide into three stages approximately, the first stage (the B.C.E. 8 centuries ----- B.C.E. 6 centuries) develops for each Greek city-state participation grand meeting, the second stage (the B.C.E. 6 centuries ---- B.C.E. 4 centuries) is the ancient Greece city-state slavery heyday, the ancient Olympic Games achieve prosperously. The third stage (the B.C.E. 4 centuries ----- A.D. 4 centuries) the ancient Greece successively conquers by Macedonia and the Roman Empire, the ancient Olympic Games enter the decline time.

Two: Olympics movement agent: The sports internationalization need to develop, 19th century next half, along with the international politics, the economical situation development, the modern sports development appeared two obvious tendency. One is unexpectedly the technique movement rapid development, two is the sports internationalization tendency, in 1881 the first international single item sports organization ---- international gymnastics federation was founded. Along with the international sports contact expansion, establishes a comprehensive international sports exchange the big stage, establishes the international sports organization which coordinates various single items organization to move by to play the management role, has become the time the urgent need. Finally acted according to in 1893 Gu Baidan the suggestion, the French track and field association federation has held an international sports conference. The discussion revives the Olympic Games the question. In 1894 the international sports representative assembly grandly began in the Paris rope nation theological school. And passed an important document ---- (the revival Olympics games) resolution. Because the first session Olympic Games will be held in 1896 at the ancient Olympic Games' place of origin Greece Athens, therefore Greek Uygur triumphant Russ no matter what first no matter what president, Gu Baidan will be secretary general. Which national big city does the congress stipulate each for four years to be held the Olympic Games in. Three: Modern Olympic Games and ancient times Olympic Games main characteristic comparison 1. has continued to use "the Olympics games" name. 2. has inherited "the Olympia" an every four years cyclical tradition 3. borrowed and has developed ancient times Olympic Games' certain ceremonies. 4. absorbed and has developed the ancient times Olympic Games' traditional thought.

Starts from 2005, the Beijing Olympic Games prepare the work to enter comprehensively launch the stage, this recommendation could start an Olympic Games economy development new high tide. Beijing strictly will follow "five unifications" the principle, according to the project progress arrangement, the comprehensive start newly built facility construction, at the right moment will start changes the extension project, will grasp to carry out the temporary facility construction plan. In the Olympic Games facility and in the correlation facility items of basic construction, prepares at the right moment to promote one batch of projects implementations generation of organicity, the public tender way, determined gradually the generation constructs the human, constructs the human by the generation to be responsible for the project the entire process construction management.

Beijing Olympic Games hold period, the whole world will have more than 200 countries and the area retransmits the competition real state, the Athens Olympic Games television viewer achieved nearly 3900000000, through media and so on broadcast, newspaper, magazine understood and will contact the Olympic Games the human will be also countless. How then lets world each quoin the human appreciates heartily to continues 16 day-long sports grand occasions?Without a doubt, the media has played the vital role in among. It is reported, Beijing Olympic Games period, comes some more than 21,500 registrations media personnel to report the Olympic Games grand occasion, including the writing and the photographic media personnel 5,500 people, the broadcast television media personnel 16,000 people. The light is the manufacture public television signal must use the nearly 60 television cars, more than 400 videocorders, over a thousand pickup cameras... ... This says regarding any national television industry all is the astronomical figures. Does primarily retransmits the organization the Beijing Olympics to retransmit the limited company (BOB), will be responsible for the Beijing Olympic Games international code of signal the manufacture and provides the service for the retransmission business. At present this company officially had been established and the movement, is preparing for war, and makes the plan design for the television relay.

In order to let each group media be able to find the better shooting angle, holds each instantaneous detail, completes but the splendid report fullly and accurately, must depend upon the media movement department laborious preparatory work, provides the corresponding facility and the service to the media: Including host news center, international broadcast center, media village, facility media center and Olympics news service. Approaches the national stadium in the Olympics park the place, is planning will construct more than 60,000 square meter main news centers, including to be able to hold over a thousand reporters the simultaneous working the hall and may hold 800 human of news issues hall, but also has the special-purpose workshop which various media may rent, inside will provide reporter the essential wide band to access the net and so on the communication condition. But the close neighbor advocates the news center is the international broadcast center. It plans constructs more than 80,000 square meters, works the use for ten thousand broadcast televisions personnel, at the appointed time pitches camp some more than 200 televisions media in here, the television relay signal on processes the manufacture rear-drive in here to world each place.

国际奥林匹克委员会 (IOC)

国际奥林匹克委员会 (International Olympic Committee -- IOC) 于1894年6月23日成立，共有49个体育组织和12个国家的79名代表参加在法国巴黎举行的成立大会。国际奥委会总部设在瑞士洛桑。国际奥委会是一个非政府性、非盈利性和永久性的国际体育组织。它是领导奥林匹克运动和决定有关奥林匹克运动问题的最高权力机关。国际奥委会与其成员国或地区，以及国际单项体育组织相互承认。国际奥委会宗旨是鼓励组织和发展体育运动和体育竞赛；在奥林匹克思想指导下，鼓舞和领导体育运动，从而促进和加强各国运动员之间的友谊；保证按期举办奥运会。国际奥委会对每4年举办一次的奥运会拥有一切权力。从1924年开始又单独举行冬季奥运会，也是4年一次。

II. Words and Phrases

1. Amateur (n. & adj.) non-professional

1. not doing sth as your job, but only for pleasure or interest

eg. an amateur orchestra

2. someone who does an activity for pleasure or interest, not as a job

2. Olympiad

An Olympiad is a period of four years between two celebrations of the Olympic Games. An occurrence of the Summer or Winter Olympic Games is often commonly called an Olympiad.

3. leap year

There are 365 days in a normal year. But in a leap year, there are 29 days in Feb.

4. baron (n.)

a man who is a member of the lowest rank of the British nobility
a businessman with a lot of power or influence

5. immortal (adj.) immortality (n.)

living or continuing forever

eg. Plato believed that the soul is immortal.

2. an immortal line, play, song etc is so famous that it will never be forgotten

eg. Shakespeare’s immortal lines

6. Olympia

Olympia 奥林匹亚：希腊南部以利亚区村庄和民族圣地，位于阿尔菲奥斯河北岸。北纬37度38分，东经21度39分。约在公元前1000年为宙斯的主要神殿所在之处。自公元前776年每4年在此举行一次宗教庆典，成为现代奥林匹克运动会的起源。通铁路，19世纪进行大规模的古迹挖掘工作。古迹有公元前5世纪所建之宙斯神殿、赫拉神殿和运动场。

7. Zeus

Zeus, the youngest son of Cronus and Rhea, he was the supreme ruler of Mount Olympus and of the Pantheon of gods who resided there. Being the supreme ruler he upheld law, justice and morals, and this made him the spiritual leader of both gods and men. Zeus was a celestial god, and originally worshiped as a weather god by the Greek tribes. These people came southward from the Balkans circa 2100 BCE. He has always been associated as being a weather god, as his main attribute is the thunderbolt, he controlled thunder, lightning and rain. Theocritus wrote circa 265 BCE: "sometimes Zeus is clear, sometimes he rains". He is also known to have caused thunderstorms. In Homer's epic poem the Iliad he sent thunderstorms against his enemies. The name Zeus is related to the Greek word dios, meaning "bright". His other attributes as well as lightning were the scepter, the eagle and his aegis (this was the goat-skin of Amaltheia).

宙斯（Zeus）：希腊神话中的主神，第三任神王；克洛诺斯和瑞亚之子，掌管天界；以贪花好色著称，奥林匹斯的许多神邸和许多希腊英雄都是他和不同女人生下的子女。他以雷电为武器，维持着天地间的秩序，公牛和鹰是他的标志。他的兄弟波塞冬和哈帝斯分别掌管海洋和地狱；女神赫拉是宙斯的妻子 .宙斯坐镇奥林匹斯山，拥有无上的权利和力量，他是正义的引导者，他对人类的统治公正不偏。他的劝告不易理解，他的决定不可改变，他的意愿是审慎的，正确无误的智慧的意愿。宙斯既是众神之王也是人类之王，所以人们往往描绘他坐在精致的宝座上。肃穆的头部表现出驾御风暴的力量，同时也显示控制星空的魅力。

8. worship (v.) worshipper (n.)

to show respect and love for a god, esp by praying in a church, temple etc
to admire and love someone very much

eg. She absolutely worships those children.

3. worship the ground sb walks on:

to admire or love sb so much that you cannot see their faults

9. laurel

a small tree with smooth shiny dark green leaves that do not fall in winter
rest / sit on your laurels: to be satisfied with what you have achieved and therefore stop trying to achieve sth new
look to your laurels: to work hard in order not to lose the success that you have achieved.

10. wreath (n.)

A circle made from leaves or flowers that you put on a grave or hang on the door at Christmas
A circle made from leaves that was given to someone in past times as an honor

eg. A laurel wreath

11. Coroebus

根据传说，古代的奥运会是由宙斯的儿子赫拉克勒斯创办的（罗马大力神）。我们依旧保留着第一届奥运会的书面纪录，那是在公元前776年举办的（但大家普遍认为在这之前奥运会已经举办了很多年了）。在这次奥运会上，一位裸体的赛跑运动员Coroebus赢得了奥运会上唯一的比赛项目，赛跑-将近192米的赛跑（210码）。这使得Coroebus成为历史上第一个奥运会冠军。古代奥运会不断发展并坚持每四年举行一次，至今已经持续了近一千二百年。在古代奥运会上，女子是不允许参加比赛的，甚至当观众都不可以。当时的比赛项目也很少，只有讲希腊语的自由民才能参加比赛，从其他国家来的运动员都不可以参加。同样的，奥运会过去一直在奥林匹亚举行，而不是每次到不同的地方轮流举行。

12.democratic (adj.) democracy

controlled by representatives who are elected by the people of a country
organized according to the principle that everyone has a right to be involved in making decisions

eg. a democratic management style

13. in time

early or soon enough to do something

eg. Brian usually gets home in time to cook for the children.

“Did you catch your plane?” “Yes, we got there just in time.”

2. after a certain period of time, esp after a gradual process of change and development

eg. “Don’t worry – I’m sure things will get better in time.”

14. Sparta

Sparta （公元前7世纪末～公元396年）古代希腊最强大的的城邦中，雅典第一，斯巴达第二。所谓城邦，就是一个国家，它以城市为中心，周围是乡镇。斯巴达位于希腊半岛南部的拉哥尼亚平原。拉哥尼亚三面环山，中间有一块小平原。“斯巴达”原来的意思就是“可以耕种的平原”。约在公元前１１世纪，一批叫做多利亚人的希腊部落，南下侵入拉哥尼亚，他们毁掉原有的城邦，在这里居住下来，这就是多利亚人的斯巴达城——不过它既没有城墙，也没有象样的街道。斯巴达人就是指来到这里的多利亚人。斯巴达人形成了一种独特的政治制度，整个社会过着军事化的生活，孩子们从小受到的教育就是军事训练。斯巴达人轻视文化教育。青少年只要求会写命令和便条就可以了。

15. sacred (adj.) sacredness

connected with a god or religion

eg. A sacred vow

2. greatly respected or believed to be holy

eg. Cows are sacred to Hindus.

3. extremely important to you

eg. He thinks his parking space is sacred.

16. pentathlon

an athletic contest consisting of five different events

射击击剑游泳马术跑步

17. oath

profane or obscene expression usually of surprise or angereg. The judge reminded the witness that she was under oath.
a commitment to tell the truth (especially in a court of law); to lie under oath is to become subject to prosecution for perjury
a solemn promise, usually invoking a divine witness, regarding your future acts or behavior

18. statue

a sculpture representing a human or animal

eg. The statue was carved out of marble.

They decided to perpetuate the memory

of their leader by erecting a statue.

19. Plato

柏拉图是西方客观唯心主义的创始人，

其哲学体系博大精深，对其教学思想

影响尤甚。柏拉图认为世界由“理念世界”

和“现象世界”所组成。理念的世界是真实的存在，

永恒不变，而人类感官所接触到的这个现实的世

界，只不过是理念世界的微弱的影子，它由现象所

组成，而每种现象是因时空等因素而表现出暂时变

动等特征。由此出发，柏拉图提出了一种理念论和

回忆说的认识论，并将它作为其教学理论的哲学基

础。

20. republic

共和政治的基本含义就是，国家和政府是公共的，而不是私人的，国家和政府应当为公共利益而努力，而不应当为私人利益而奋斗。共和政治的另一个基本含义是，国家各级政权机关的领导人不是继承的，不是世袭的，也不是命定的，而是由自由公正的选举产生的。因而，公正而自由的选举，是判断一个国家是否真正实行共和政治的又一基本准则。

21. colonial

名词colonial:

a resident of a colony

形容词colonial:

of or relating to or characteristic of or inhabiting a colony

eg. The former colonial possessions are now independent states.

2. of animals who live in colonies, such as ants

3. composed of many distinct individuals unified to form a whole colony

22. decline (v.)

1.change toward something smaller or lower

eg. I wish prices would decline.

2. a condition inferior to an earlier condition;

a gradual falling off from a better state

eg. She is on the decline, and may die soon.

3. a downward slope or bend

eg. The wall declined slightly on account of

the earthquake.

23. Theodosius

狄奥多西一世（约346年－395年1月17日）

亦作狄奥多西大帝，是罗马帝国皇帝（379

年～395年），392年统治整个罗马帝国。他

是最後一位统治统一的罗马帝国的君主，并

在380年2月27日将基督教定为国教。

24. savage (n.)

(of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering

eg. He smarted from the savage attacks on his film.

2. wild and menacing

eg. These civilizations flourished while

Europeans were still savages living in caves.

25. inspiration

arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity

eg. His wife was a constant inspiration to him.

2. a product of your creative thinking and work

eg. Many poets and artists have drawn their inspiration from nature.

26.further (v.)

promote the growth of

eg. The society was dedicated to furthering the cause of world peace.

27. give and take

an exchange of views on some topic

eg. A democratic way of life is a life of give and take.

2. mutual interaction; the activity of reciprocating or exchanging (especially information)

eg. A happy marriage depends largely on give and take.

28. buffet (v.)

1. strike against forcefully

eg. The ship buffeted through the big

waves.

29. batter (v.)

1. strike violently and repeatedly

eg. Someone is battering at the door.

The ship was battered against the

rocks.

30. strain

(physics) deformation of a physical body under the action of applied forceseg. Too heavy a load will strain the rope to its breaking point.
difficulty that causes worry or emotional tension

eg. He was breaking up under the strain.

3. injury to a muscle (often caused by overuse); results in swelling and pain

eg. You will strain your eyes by reading in such poor light.