1 / 103

WORLD WAR II

WORLD WAR II. PART I THE ROAD TO WWII. EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA . ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS : TODAY: WHAT WAS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN WWI AND OUR ENTRY INTO WWII? WHAT CAUSED WWII? WHY WAS THE U.S. SO SLOW TO ENTER WWII? BROAD :

koen
Download Presentation

WORLD WAR II

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. WORLD WAR II PART I THE ROAD TO WWII EUGENIA LANGAN MATER ACADEMY CHARTER HIGH SCHOOL HIALEAH GARDENS, FLORIDA

  2. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: • TODAY: • WHAT WAS U.S. FOREIGN POLICY BETWEEN WWI AND OUR ENTRY INTO WWII? • WHAT CAUSED WWII? • WHY WAS THE U.S. SO SLOW TO ENTER WWII? • BROAD: • HOW DID THE U.S. BECOME THE WORLD'S LEADING SUPERPOWER? HOW DID THAT CHANGE U.S. IDENTITY?

  3. WORLD WAR II (SEPT. 1, 1939 – MAY 8, 1945 (VE DAY) AND AUGUST 15, 1945 (VJ) DAY)) • THE ALLIES –BRITAIN, [FRANCE – UNDERGROUND FIGHTERS] AND THE SOVIET UNION AND EVENTUALLY THE U.S. against • THE AXIS – GERMANY, ITALY, JAPAN

  4. I. BACKGROUND: • WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) • 1. EFFECT ON GERMANY --TREATY OF VERSAILLES  GERMAN HUMILIATION AND RESENTMENT: • REPARATIONS: GERMANY TO PAY > $30 BILLION IN GOLD (REDUCED FROM OVER $50 BILLION IN 1921) • b) GERMANY MUST DEMILITARIZE -- NO TROOPS ON BORDER WITH FRANCE AND REDUCE SIZE OF MILITARY + NUMBER OF WEAPONS • POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA CREATED • * TREATY CREATED LEAGUE OF NATIONS BUT U.S DID NOT JOIN  NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENT

  5. EUROPE - 1919

  6. 2. EFFECTS ON U.S.  ISOLATIONISM • a) UNPOPULAR WAR (“TO MAKE THE WORLD SAFE FOR DEMOCRACY” – BUT THAT WASN’T TRUE AND EVEN IF IT HAD BEEN, FEW AMERICANS CARED ABOUT DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE) • b) CAUSED MANY DEATHS AND INJURIES • WAR: 117,465 K, 205,690 W • AND 500,000 – 675,000 DEATHS IN U.S. FROM POST-WAR FLU EPIDEMIC • c) U.S. SENATE REFUSED TO RATIFY TREATY OF VERSAILLES  • U.S. NOT IN LEAGUE OF NATIONS  NO ENFORCEMENT OF DEMILITARIZATION REQUIREMENTS OF TREATY  (GERMANY FREE TO BUILD MOST POWERFUL ARMY, AIR FORCE IN EUROPE)

  7. A Weak League of Nations

  8. U.S. Foreign Policy Tensions after WWI Interventionism Disarmament • Isolationism • Nativists • Anti-War movement • Conservative Republicans • Collective security • “Wilsonianism” • Business interests SLIDE BY SUSAN POJER

  9. DURING WWI, THE U.S. BECAME A CREDITOR NATION – SUPERPOWER

  10. THE GREAT DEPRESSION WAS WORSE IN GERMANY THAN ANYWHERE ELSE DUE TO LOSING THE WAR AND THE REPARATIONS DEFLATION OF GERMAN CURRENCY: BY LATE 1923, IT WAS WORTHLESS PAPER

  11. THE DAWES PLAN (1924) AND THE YOUNG PLAN (1929) – EFFORTS TO ENSURE GERMANY COULD PAY REPARATIONS AND ALSO BE MARKET FOR U.S.

  12. VICE PRESIDENT CHARLES G. DAWES NEGOTIATED THE DAWES PLAN – WON NOBEL PEACE PRIZE FOR IT • EFFECT OF DAWES AND YOUNG PLAN (AND ALL THE OTHER LOANS TO WESTERN EURO. COUNTRIES): W. EUROPEAN , ESPECIALLY GERMAN, ECONOMIES DEPENDED ON U.S. • WHEN GREAT DEPRESSION HIT U.S., U.S INVESTMENTS IN AND LOANS TO EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ENDED  WORSE DEPRESSION IN EUROPE (AND HITLER WILL BLAME "JEWISH" U.S. BANKERS!)

  13. YOUNG PLAN (J.P. MORGAN JR.): 75% REDUCTION IN GERMAN REPARATIONS -- BUT STILL $ 8 BILLION OVER 58 ½ YEARS (UNTIL 1986) A GERMAN POSTER REACTING TO YOUNG PLAN: "FOR THREE GENERATIONS, YOU'LL HAVE TO SLAVE AWAY"

  14. Washington Disarmament Conference(1921-1922) • PROBLEM: 1902 ANGLO-JAPANESE ALLIANCE • OBLIGATED BRITAIN TO AID JAPAN IN ANY WAR WITH U.S. • SUPPOSED SOLUTION: LET'S GET TOGETHER AND AGREE TO NAVAL DISARMANENT

  15. KELLOGG-BRIAND PACT, 1929: U.S. AND 14 OTHER NATIONS, INCLUDING GERMANY AND JAPAN, AGREE TO RENOUNCE WAR EXCEPT IN SELF-DEFENSE – 62 NATIONS EVENTUALLY SIGNED • USED AS FURTHER JUSTIFICATION FOR U.S. ISOLATIONISM – BUT IT WAS JUST SOME NICE WORDS ON PAPER – NO ENFORCEMENT MECHANISM

  16. STORM CLOUDS IN ASIA: • THE SUCCESS OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION LED TO MARXIST MOVEMENTS/ REVOLUTIONS ELSEWHERE • ALL REVOLTIONS IN BACKWARD PEASANT ECONOMIES WHERE COMMUNISM WAS IMPOSSIBLE! • ONE OF THE FIRST NEW MARXIST MOVEMENTS: • 1919: “MAY FOURTH MOVEMENT” – ANTI-WESTERN, ANTI-IMPERIALIST MOVEMENT ORGANIZED TO PROTEST AGAINST TREATY OF VERSAILLES GRANTING GERMAN COLONY OF SHANDONG TO JAPAN  CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY FOUNDED 1920

  17. ULTIMATELY  CIVIL WAR BETWEEN GUOMINTANG (CHINESE NATIONALIST PARTY) LED BY CHIANG KIA-SHEK AND COMMUNIST “PEASANT” ARMY LED BY MAO ZEDONG, 1927 – 1949 • KEEPING CHINA WEAK CHIANG KAI-SHEK MAO ZEDONG

  18. 1922: "FIVE-NATION PACT": U.S., JAPAN, BRITAIN, FRANCE AND ITALY • AGREED TO PACIFIC BATTLESHIP RATIO: • U.S. AND BRITAIN 5 EACH: JAPAN 3: FRANCE AND ITALY 1.67 • WESTERN NATIONS AGREED TO STOP FORTIFYING ASIAN TERRITORIES, INCLUDING U.S. PHILIPPINES • LOOPHOLE: PACT DIDN’T COVER SMALL WARSHIPS, WHICH U.S. CONTINUED TO HAVE MANY OF AT SUBIC BAY, PHILIPPINES  • INFURIATED JAPAN

  19. “ROUND ONE” IN THE PACIFIC: 1931 – JAPANESE INVASION OF MANCHURIA (MANCHURIA CRISIS) OUTHERN MANCHURIA RAILROAD AS EXCUSE TO INVADE MANCHURIA  • JAPAN SET UP PUPPET STATE OF MANCHUKUO, 1932 (NOMINALLY HEADED BY LAST QING EMPEROR PUYI) • LEAGUE OF NATION CONDEMNED  JAPAN WITHDREW FROM LEAGUE • U.S. HAD LITTLE CLOUT WITH JAPAN – IT WAS RIVAL PACIFIC POWER, ALSO • + U.S. HAD PASSED ASIAN EXCLUSION ACT, 1924 – BANNED IMMIGRATION OF JAPANESE AND CHINESE PEOPLE -- INFURIATED JAPAN

  20. JAPANESE TROOPS IN MUDKEN, MANCHURIA: A MODERN MECHANIZED ARMY

  21. 1932: HOOVER-STIMPSON DOCTRINE: • U.S. WOULD NOT RECOGNIZE ANY OTHER NATION'S ACQUISTIONS OF TERRITORY BY FORCE • THE HYPOCRISY OF IT INFURIATED JAPAN • JAPAN THEN BOMBED SHANGHAI, CHINA, INLICTING MASSIVE CASUALTIES • WORLD KNEW: ONLY A MATTER OF TIME BEFORE JAPAN MOVED FARTHER INTO CHINA

  22. U.S. LATIN AMERICAN POLICY • 1928: CLARK MEMORANDUM (U.S. SEC. OF • STATE REUBEN CLARK, FOR COOLIDGE) • U.S. PLEDGED NOT TO INTERVENE IN LATIN AMERICA • REVERSED ROOSEVELT COROLLARY TO MONROE DOCTRINE AND WILSON'S INTERVENTIONISM • WHY: EXPENSE AND COUNTERPRODUCTIVE: LED TO ANTI-AMERICAN ANIMUS IN LATIN AMERICA

  23. NEW U.S. MODUS OPERANDI (M.O.) IN LATIN AMERICA: INSTALL PRO-U.S. DICTATORS (INSTEAD OF U.S. MILITARY OCCUPATIONS) • EXAMPLE: NICARAGUA – 1927 REBELLION AGAINST U.S. OCCUPATION BY BY NATIONALIST/ REVOLUTIONARY AUGUSTO SANDINO  • U.S. TRAINED NICARAGUAN TROOPS TO BACK ANASTASIO SOMOZA  SOMOZA INSTALLED, HOOVER WITHDREW U.S. TROOPS 1933, SOMOZASA RULE NICARAGUA UNTIL 1979 SANDINISTA REVOLUTION • NEW STRATEGY MADE FDR'S GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY POSSIBLE

  24. 1933: GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY: "COOPERATION" (U.S. $ AID -- > $1.5 BILLION) AND NON-INTERVENTION -- NEEDED ALLIES (WAR COMING) U.S. SECRETARY OF STATE CORDELL HULL: "NO NATION HAS THE RIGHT TO INTERVENE IN THE AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER."

  25. THE RISE OF TOTALITARIANISM IN EUROPE AND THE U.S. RESPONSE

  26. FASCISM AND STALINIST COMMUNISM: TWO TYPES OF TOTALITARIANISM FASCISM STALINIST COMMUNISM STATE OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION COMMAND ECONOMY ONE PARTY, ONE LEADER TOTALITARIAN COLLECTIVIST JUSTIFICATION: GLORY OF “THE PEOPLE,” “WORKERS” SOVIET UNION • STATE OWNS MEANS OF PRODUCTION • COMMAND ECONOMY • ONE PARTY, ONE LEADER • TOTALITARIAN • COLLECTIVIST • JUSTIFICATION: GLORY OF NATION, RACE • GERMANY (NATIONAL SOCIALISTS = NAZIS); ITALY (FASCIST) AND SOMEWHAT IN JAPAN (“RIGHT SOCIALISM”)

  27. ADOLPH HITLER DER FUHRER – NAZI DICTATOR OF GERMANY

  28. BENITO MUSSOLINI, “IL DUCE” - FASCIST DICTATOR OF ITALY, 1922-43

  29. JOSEPH STALIN – SOVIET DICTATOR, 1922 - 53

  30. JAPAN • A PERFECT STORM OF ULTRANATIONALISM (STATE SHINTO) AND MILITARISM + • INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN FASCISM  • “STATISM” AKA “JAPANESE RIGHT SOCIALISM” • AMAU DOCTRINE (JAPANESE DESTINED TO RULE ASIA AND PACIFIC) • -- COMPARE U.S. MONROE DOCTRINE AND MANIFEST DESTINY SHOWA EMPEROR – HIROHITO. REIGNED 1926 – 1989 BECAUSE U.S. BACKED HIM AFTER WAR IN ORDER TO STABILIZE JAPAN

  31. RISE OF HITLER AND NAZI PARTY IN GERMANY a. PUBLISHES MEIN KAMPF (“MY STRUGGLE”) 1925-26 (WRITTEN WHILE IN PRISON FOR MUNICH PUTSCH) i) BLAMED JEWS FOR TREATY OF VERSAILLES, DEPRESSION ii) PREACHED RACIAL SUPERIORITY OF GERMAN “ARYANS,” INFERIORITY OF JEWS AND OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS iii ) SAYS GERMANY NEEDS LIEBENSRAUM (“LIVING SPACE” -- MUST EXPAND TERRITORY IN EUROPE (COMPARE U.S. THEORY OF “MANIFEST DESTINY”)

  32. MEIN KAMPF IS A WORLD-WIDE BEST-SELLER (THEN AND NOW) – ALMOST EVERYONE KNEW HITLER PLANNED: • CONQUEST OF EUROPE • DISCRIMINATION AGAINST JEWS (BUT PROBABLY NOBODY COULD HAVE CONCEIVED OF THE HOLOCAUST BEFORE IT HAPPENED)

  33. b. 1932 – HITLER COMES IN SECOND IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION; NAZIS WIN LARGEST BLOC OF SEATS IN REICHSTAG (LOWER HOUSE OF GERMAN PARLIAMENT)  a) HITLER APPOINTED CHANCELLOR BY PRESIDENT HINDENBURG

  34. c. 1933 – HITLER DECLARES THIRD REICH (THIRD EMPIRE) d. 1934 – HITLER = DER FUHRER (THE LEADER) – NOW ABSOLUTE DICTATOR e. 1934-38 – REMILITARIZES – BUILDS THE MOST EFFECTIVE AND SECOND-LARGEST (AFTER SOVIET UNION) ARMY IN THE WORLD, ALSO AIR FORCE (LUFTWAFFE) AND NAVY  f. RECOVERY OF GERMAN ECONOMY  HITLER IS VERY, VERY POPULAR IN GERMANY

  35. U.S. RESPONSE = LATE 1933, U.S. RECOGNIZED SOVIET UNION • FDR THOUGHT S.U. • POTENTIAL ALLY AGAINST GERMANY AND JAPAN • HOPED TRADE WITH S.U. WOULD EASE DEPRESSION

  36. 1934- 36: NYE COMMITTEE SENATE HEARINGS – ISOLATIONISM (GERALDNYE, D. IND.) • WWI NEEDLESS, • FOUGHT FOR "MERCHANTS • OF DEATH": that bankers • wanted war to protect their loans & arms manufacturers to make money. • Claimed that Wilson had provoked Germany by sailing in to warring nations’ waters. • Resulted in Congress passing several Neutrality Acts.

  37. Neutrality Acts: 1935, 1936, 1937 • When the President proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect: • NO ARMS SALES to belligerent nations. • NO loans OR credits to belligerent nations. • Forbade Americans to travel on vessels of nations at war [in contrast to WW I]. • Non-military goods must be purchased on a “cash-and-carry” basis  pay when goods are picked up. • Banned involvement in the Spanish Civil War. • limited the options of the President in a crisis. • America in the 1930s declined to build up its forces!

  38. FDR “I HATE WAR” SPEECH, 1936: • “I have seen war. I have seen war on land and sea. I have seen blood running from the wounded. I have seen men coughing out their gassed lungs. I have seen the dead in the mud. I have seen cities destroyed. I have seen 200 limping, exhausted men come out of line—the survivors of a regiment of 1,000 that went forward 48 hours before. I have seen children starving. I have seen the agony of mothers and wives. I hate war. • I wish I could keep war from all nations, but that is beyond my power.”

  39. GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936 • THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

  40. GERMANY DEPLOYS TROOPS TO THE RHINELAND, MARCH 1936 • THIS WAS A CLEAR VIOLATION OF THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – THE WORLD STOOD IDLY BY

  41. 1936: ROME-BERLIN AXIS – TREATY OF FRIENDSHIP BETWEEN THIRD REICH AND ITALY

  42. Panay Incident, december 12, 1937) • Japan bombed USS Panay gunboat & threeStandard Oil tankers onthe Yangtze River • (INTERNATIONAL WATERWAY) • Japan was testing US • resolve! • Japan apologized, paid US an indemnity, and promised no further attacks. • Most Americans were satisfied with the apology. • Results Japanese interpreted US ROLLOVER as a license for further aggression against US ASIA-PACIFIC interests.

  43. Ludlow Amendment (1938) • proposed amendment to the Constitution that called for a national referendum on any declaration of war by Congress. • introduced several times by Congressman Ludlow (never actually passed but always substantial minority support!) Congressman Louis Ludlow[D-IN]

  44. MARCH 1938 – THE ANSCHLUSS -- PEACEFUL GERMAN UNION WITH AUSTRIA AUSTRIAN REACTION TO ARRIVAL OF GERMAN TROOPS – “HEIL HITLER!”

  45. AUSTRIANS REACT TO THE ANSCHLUSS

  46. ROUND ONE” IN EUROPE – THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, 1932 – 39 – THE FIRST SHOWDOWN BETWEEN FASCISTS AND THEIR OPPONENTS • REPUBLICANS/ LOYALISTS (RANGED FROM LIBERALS TO COMMUNISTS) v. • NATIONALISTS (RANGED FROM MONARCHISTS TO FALANGISTS (FASCISTS) • NAZI GERMANY AND FASCIST ITALY BACKED THE NATIONALISTS (AS DID MAJOR U.S. CORPORATIONS – BUT NEUTRALITY ACTS BARRED U.S. GOV’T INVOLVEMENT) • SOVIET UNION BACKED THE REPUBLICANS

More Related