Wilsonian progressivism and wwi

1. Wilsonian progressivism and wwi Mr. Long AP US History

2. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912 • Democrats felt they could take White House due to Republican Split • Dr. Woodrow Wilson was nominated • Mild conservative turned strong progressive • Background in Education • Backed by William J. Bryan • PLATFORM: • NEW FREEDOM: both liberal and progressive policies

3. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912 • Bull Moose “Progressive Party” • Teddy Roosevelt • Nominated by reformer Jane Adams • Republicans • William Taft

4. The “Bull Moose” Campaign of 1912 “New freedom” “New Nationalism” • Supported small business • Wanted to bust all trusts. NO TRUST IS GOOD. • No social welfare programs • Inspired by The Promise of American Life by Herbert Croly (1910) • Policy of leaving “good” trusts alone and controlling “bad” trusts. • Female suffrage • Social programs • Minimum wage laws

5. Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President • Wilson won the electoral vote easily • Electoral Vote: 435 (Wilson), 88 (TR) and 8 (Taft) • Popular Vote: 41% (Wilson), 50%(TR & Taft) • American People did not want Wilson as President • TR and the “Bull Moose Party” cost the Republicans • Taft would later become Supreme Court Chief Justice

6. Wilson Tackles the Tariff • As a progressive Wilson entered Presidency on attack of the “triple wall of privilege”… • Tariff • Banks • Trusts

7. Wilson Tackles the Tariff • Tariff: • Wilson sought to bring the tariff down • Underwood Tariff (1913) • Considerably reduced tariff rates on imports • Started a graduated income tax • Tax rate increased as persons salary increased • 16th amendment had passed, Underwood laid out the rules for income tax.

8. Wilson Battles the Bankers • Banks: • Congress passed the Federal Reserve Act (1913) • Law created the Federal Reserve Board which oversaw 12 regional, federal banks. • The FRB was given power to issue paper money “Federal reserve notes • Regulated the amount of money in circulation

9. President Tames the Trusts • Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) • Investigated activities of Trusts • GOAL: • Stop trade practices deemed as unfair • EX: Unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, and bribery

10. President Tames the Trusts • Congress replaced ineffective Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) with the Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) • It forbid price discrimination • Forbid interlocking directorates (J.P Morgan) • Exempted labor unions from being considered Trusts • Legalized strikes as peaceful assemblies

11. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide • Other Wilson Reforms… • Federal Farm Loan Act (1916): • Offered low interest loans to farmers • Warehouse Act (1916): • Offered loans on security of staple crops • La Follette Seamen’s Act (1915): • Sailors guaranteed good treatment and wages • Workingmen’s Compensation Act (1916): • Offered help to federal civil-service workers during time of disability • Adamson Act (1916): • 8hr workday for workers on trains engaged in interstate trade

12. Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide • Wilson played the people… • Appoints Louis Brandeisto Supreme Court (Jew) • Policy towards blacks was geared toward segregation though. • Played politics with Big Business • Made conservative appointments to Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Trade Commission to keep business happy.

13. New Directions in Foreign Policy • What Wilson did in the foreign arena… • Had Congress repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912) • Jones Act (1916): granted Philippines territorial status and independence when “stable” gov was established. • Had US bankers pull out of 6 nation loan to China

14. New Directions in Foreign Policy • Peaceful President must take action… • Japanese Relations • California/Japanese-Americans and Land • Military action in Haiti (1915) • WWI • Bought Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917

15. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico • In 1913 there was a mass immigration of Mexicans to the US • Result of Mexican uprising and Gen. Victoriano Huerta becoming President of Mexico • Americans called for federal protection against he violent Mexican revolutionaries (threatened lives/property) • Wilson would not give it. • Wilson didn’t recognize Huerta’s regime • Supplied Huerta’s rivals with American arms

16. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico • US sailors were seized in Tampico, Mexico • Wilson asked for Congressional approval to use military force. • US Navy seized Vera Cruz, Mexico upsetting Huerta and Carranza (rival) • ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) mediated the situation and Carranza replaced Huerta as President • Pancho Villa began stirring up trouble • Mexican “Robin Hood” • Wilson sent Gen. John J. Pershing to capture Villa after he attacked numerous groups of Americans

17. Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico • WWI Breaks Out

18. Wilson Wins Re-election in 1916 • Woodrow Wilson (Dem) • “He kept us out of War” • Neutrality is slipping • Charles Evans Hughes (Rep) • Known for flip flopping his decisions depending on audience. • Wilson wins reelection 277 to 254 • Ironically Wilson led America to war 5 months later

19. The War to end war, 1917-1918 Mr. Long AP US History

20. Beginnings of WWI • In 1914 Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. • Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey (Ottoman Empire) • Allied Powers: Russia, France, England and Australia. • Most Americans supported the Allies, but were happy to stay neutral an ocean away.

21. Beginnings of WWI • President Wilson declared the US officially neutral in the War. • American Business took advantage of being neutral and sought trading with both sides. • Trade with Allies was possible and took place • Trade with Central powers was tough b/c British navy controlled the sea

22. Beginnings of WWI • Germany announced “unrestricted submarine warfare” on the Allies or anyone assisting them. • Lusitania:greatest U-boat attack, 1,200 killed (128 US), British cruise liner. • MOTIVATED AMERICANS TO CALL FOR WAR! • Sussex Pledge: Germany promised that no attacks would be made on ships w/o warning. • After Germany sunk the Sussex a French passenger ship

23. War By Act of Germany • Causes of US involvement • Lusitania • Germany erasing the Sussex pledge • Vladimir Lenin’s communist revolution took over Russia • Zimmerman Note: • Telegram sent to Mexico by Germany encouraging Mexico to wage war against the US. • Congress declares War on April 6, 1917

24. Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned • Many Americans are still reluctant to go to War • 6 Senators had voted against • “Make the world safe for democracy” • Not fighting for the riches of war, but to free others from the tyranny of autocrats

25. Wilson’s 14 Potent Points • Wilson becomes the moral leader of the War • Fourteen Points Address (Jan 1917) • Abolishing secret treaties • Freedom of the seas • Removal of economic barriers between nations • Reduction of armaments • Changing colonial claims to help both colonizers and native peoples • “Self Determination” where groups choose their government for themselves • **A committee called the League of Nations to hopefully settle international disputes peacefully.**

26. Creel Manipulates Minds • Committee on Public Information • Created to keep enthusiasm high in America • Headed by George Creel • Used speeches (4min men) • Posters • Pamphlets • Movies • Songs • Didn’t show the reality of the war!

27. Enforcing Loyalty and Stiffing Dissent • Feelings towards German-Americans and German products changed in US • Espionage Act (1917) • Sought to prosecute spies (1,900) • Eugene V. Debs most notable (Socialist) • Sedition Act (1918) • Prosecute anyone engaging in seditious activity • Any activity that was anti-government (broad) • Pushed the limits of the 1st amendment

28. US Factories go to War • Problem #1: Mobilizing the Factories for the war effort • Bernard Baruch is appointed leader of the War Industries Board • Goal is to orchestrate industry in the war effort. • Opposition in the form of… • States Rights who didn’t want federal gov. invovled • America’s love for laissez-faire economics

29. Workers in Wartime • Keeping the Work Going… • “Work or Fight” Policy • High wages/Long hours • “Great Migration” • Union support • Samuel Gompers (American Federation of Labor) • Some didn’t (IWW) • Problems Still Remained… • Inflation threatened to negate wage increases • Strikes • “Great Migration” = racial tensions and violence

30. Suffering Until Suffrage • Many women went to work in factories as men went to fight • National American Woman suffrage Assoc. backed President Wilson’s efforts. • Women must engage in the war effort in order to participate after the war • 19th Amendment (ratified 1920) • Granted women the right to vote nationwide • Women’s Bureau • Goal was to protect women’s new rights in the workplace. • Most women went back to the home after the war

31. Forging A War Economy • Need for food was increased • Feed citizens at home • Package food for soldiers • Feed allies in Europe • Herbert Hoover is placed in charge of Food Administration

32. Forging A War Economy • Hoover relied on voluntary efforts to increase food supply. • “Meatless Tuesdays” • “Wheatless Wednesdays” • Victory Gardens • No grain to make alcohol • Food Production increased by 25%

33. Making Plowboys into Doughboys • In 1917 America realized it would have to go “All In” in its war efforts • Selective Service Act: • All men 18-45 must register for draft • Could not purchase exemption like Civil War • Army rose to 4,000,000 men • Women served for the first time • African-Americans served as well (segregated)

34. Fighting In France-Belatedly • Bolsheviks in Russia had taken over in 1917 and pulled out of the war in early 1918 • This moved the war from the eastern to western front • Americans were slow to get to Europe… • Huge task of logistics/Organizing • American desire to train and keep American troops under American officers

35. America helps Hammer the “Hun” • America’s military roles included… • Stopping the German assault on Paris • Providing a boost in morale • Providing supplies • Important Battles for US: • Chateau-Thierry: 40 miles from Paris • 2nd Battle of the Marne: started German withdrawl • St. Mihiel: stopped Germans southern flank • Belleau Wood: Marines proved themselves “Devil Dogs” • Meuse-Argonne: Largest American battle in history at the time.

36. The 14 Points Disarm Germany • Armistice Day (Nov. 11, 1918) • Later known as Veterans Day • What really beat the Germans was the seemingly endless American troops and supplies • Wilson achieves his goal: gets the Kaiser out of power in Germany

37. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris • Paris Peace Conference (1919) “Big Four” David Lloyd George (Britain) Woodrow Wilson (US) Georges Clemenceau (France) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

38. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris • Conflicting ambitions ruled the conference: • Britain and France: wanted to punish Germany • Italy: wanted land and money • US: wanted to heal political wounds through Wilson’s League of Nations • Wilson really wanted to “end all wars” so he would do whatever it takes to get his League of Nations

39. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris • Compromising for the “Big Picture” • Britain and France agreed to the League • Wilson reluctantly agreed to the punishment of Germany. • War Guilt Clause • Formally placed all blame on Germany • Charged Germany for cost of War ($33 billion)

40. Hammering Out the Treaty • Treaty of Versailles was not very popular in US • Europe demanded more… • France: wanted Rhineland and Saar regions • Italy: wanted seaport of Fiume • Japan: wanted China’s Shantung peninsula and German islands in Pacific. • ALL DEMANDS VIOLATED WILSON’S POINT OF “SELF-DETERMINATION”

41. The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War • Treaty of Versailles: • The main points of the Treaty [BRAT]   • 1.   Germany had to accept theBlamefor starting the war (Clause 231).  This was vital because it provided the justification for... • 2.   Germany had to pay $33 billion (called Reparations) for the damage done during the war. • 3.   Germany was forbidden to have submarines or an air force.   She could have a navy of only six battleships, and an Armyof just 100,000 men.   In addition, Germany was not allowed to place any troops in the Rhineland, the strip of land, 50 miles wide, next to France. • 4.   Germany lost Territory (land) in Europe. Germany’s colonies were given to Britain and France.

42. The Peace Treaty that Bred a New War

43. Reactions at Home for Wilson • Isolationalists: didn’t want to get involved in alliances as Jefferson/Washington had warned against • “Hun-haters”: Thought the treaty was to soft • “German-Americans”: Thought it was to tough on their home country. • “Irish-Americans”: thought it gave Britain to much power • Liberals: Thought the treaty was to harsh

44. Defeat Through Deadlock • The treaty still had to be approved by Senate (2/3 vote) • Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge was the main oppostion to the treaty. • Amended it so much that by the time it was voted for he approved and Wilson did not. • The US never approved the Treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations