Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad

1. Wilsonian Progressivism at Home and Abroad Chapter 29

2. How did Wilson differ from Roosevelt and Taft?

3. New Directions of Foreign Policy • Policy focus: Domestic or Foreign? • Called on to initiate _________ policies • Ended up spending most of presidency on foreign issues

4. New Directions of Foreign Policy(Quick blurbs) • Dislike of “Dollar Diplomacy” • Declared a cessation of this policy • Hated imperialism • Remember the Confederate sympathy – “right to self determination” • Jones Act 1916 (Philippines) • “Protect democracy…don’t seek to spread it”

5. Cont’d • Wilson and the Monroe Doctrine…and his accidental imperialism • The protection of democracy inevitably meant that the “new direction” became the old direction • Nicaragua, Haiti, Dominican Republic • All are inevitably occupied after failed attempts to aid the islands • Virgin Islands 1916

6. The Mexican Debacle • Bloody Revolution (1913) • Military coup lead by Victoriano Huerta • Wilson denounces the actions of Huerta • Wilson attempts to initiate peaceful negotiations • No luck • Wilson allows weapons purchases by his enemies

7. Cont’d • Tampico Incident (April 9, 1914) • Seaport • Group of American sailors arrested • Quickly released and an apology given • Salute asked for, NOT given • Troops sent to Veracruz • Battle ensues • Quick American victory • Huerta flees…Venustiano Carranza in.

9. SUMMATION - RESPOND • Assess the relationship between the United States and Mexico following the Tampico Incident.

10. Primary Source document • The shot that changed the course of world history

11. BELLWORK This is a portion of a picture. Write a 5 sentence paragraph (minimum) about the picture…even if you have no clue. Make a guess. What is it’s purpose? Tell me what else is occurring in the other portions of the picture.

12. Thunder Across The Sea • Nationalism and Self-Determination • Slavs – Serbia, Bosnia, Russia, etc. • Yugoslavs – “South Slavs” (Yugoslavia) • Annexation of Bosnia • June 28, 1913 • Heir to the AH throne visits Bosnia to inspect troops • Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo Bosnia • Primary source document The death that caused 16 million deaths

13. Thunder Across The Sea • Triple Alliance

14. Thunder Across The Sea • Triple Entente

15. Declarations of War • Stopping Slavic nationalism to preserve the AH empire • Ultimatum is issued • July 28, 1914 – AH declares war on Serbia • July 30 – Russia mobilizes • Aug 1 – Germany DOW on Russia • Aug 3 – Germany DOW on France, invades Belgium • Aug 4 – Britain DOW on Germany • Aug 6 - AH DOW on Russia • Aug 12 – France and Britain DOW on AH

16. The Balkans

17. Allies Formerly the Triple Entente Powers France Britain Russia Italy (1915) Central Powers Formerly the Triple Alliance Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire (1915) – AKA Turkey Bulgaria (1915) Wartime Alliances

19. A Precarious Neutrality • Should the U.S. remain neutral? • Why or why not? • Taking sides in the U.S. • 8 million German immigrants • 4.5 million Irish • In general, public opinion supported the Allies • Dislike of Kaiser Wilhelm II • British and French ties

20. America’s Financial Capitalization • U.S. recession • War time trade with Britain and France helps • But frustrates the Central Powers • International Neutrality Laws • Can’t trade with one side and not the other and remain neutral • “British blockade, not U.S. choice…”

22. Germany Responds • Submarine warfare is announced • An area around the British isles is demarcated as a submarine war zone • Unterseeboot (U-boat) • American merchant ships to be in harms way • Germany would TRY not to sink neutral ships

25. The Lusitania • First few months in 1915, 90 ships sunk in the war zone • May 7, 1915 – The British passenger liner Lusitania is sunk • 1,198 die – 128 Americans • American blood begins to boil

27. The War to End All Wars1917-1918 Chapter 30

28. War by Act of Germany • Trench warfare • Brutal • Atrition • High casualties • Staggering loss of life (German’s had lost around a million by 1917) • German government felt pressure to hasten the end of the war.

29. Cont’d • Unrestricted submarine warfare is announced (Jan. 31, 1917) • Any ship in war zone will be sunk • Wilson breaks off diplomatic relations • …but still remained opposed to involvement • March 1, 1917…it all changes

30. The Z Note • German telegram, sent Jan. 16, intercepted by British intelligence • Arthur Zimmerman • Proposed a German-Mexican alliance • Mexico would regain land lost to U.S. if….. • Sent to U.S diplomats, to Wilson, to…

31. STOP

33. German unrestricted submarine warfare begins • February 1, 1917 • Feb. 19th – decoded message given to diplomats • March 1st – telegram information released • American opinion shifts…the public cries out for German punishment • Four unarmed American merchant vessels sunk in early March • These two = the last straw

34. “Making the world safe for democracy” • April 2, 1917 – Wilson solemnly asks Congress for a declaration of war • April 6, 1917 – U.S. declares war on Germany • Only 50 Reps and 6 senators vote nea (including Jeannette Rankin, the first female congress-woman)

35. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Wilson, leader of the cause • Idealistic and eloquent • “Make the world safe for democracy” • The American Pied Piper of WWI • (Jan. 8, 1918 - Read the Fourteen Points)

36. 1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). • 2. Free navigation of all seas. • 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. • 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. • 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial • 6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop    her own political set-up. • 7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. • 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine • 9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to "along clearly recognizable lines of nationality." • 10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. • 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. • 12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. • 13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. • 14. THE EXCLAMATION POINT............................

37. (Fourteen Points cont’d) • 14th point • The League of Nations • A collective body of nations designed to provide global security, protection of all nations’ sovereignty. • Extremely controversial... • TO BE CONTINUED…

38. Creel Manipulates Minds • Committee on Public Information • George Creel • His job: • Sell the war to the public; Wilson’s ideas to the world • Employed 150,000 workers worldwide • 75,000 "four-minute men": gave speeches with "patriotic pep" • Depicted Germany as a brutal beast • Stirred up hatred towards the Kaiser

39. Propaganda Types of media used

48. Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent • Hatred and distrust for all things German • “liberty cabbage”, “liberty steak” • German books, German music • Espionage Act of 1917 • Interfering with military operations, aiding the enemy (i.e. spying, etc.) • Sedition Act of 1918 • Basically censored any criticism of the government during wartime • Controversial – WHY? • Schenck v. U.S. – affirmed their legality • Clear and present danger theory

49. The Nation’s Factories and their Workers • War Industries Board • Barnard Baruch • Designed to coordinate the production and purchase of war materials • Also did psychological testing…FOR WHAT? • Government econ. control during crisis

50. Cont’d • National War Labor Board • Led by Taft • Designed to handle labor disputes • Worker’s saw wage increases of more than 20% • Labor grievances • Strikes over rights to organize as unions • 1919 – over 250,000 steel workers went on strike • African American strikebreakers