The Cold War

1. The Cold War Decolonization, DeStalinization & the Brezhnev Doctrine McKay 999-1007, Palmer 21.113

2. The Cold War1945-1979 Helsinki Accords Dr. Zhivago published outside USSR Hungarian Uprising Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) U2 Incident (1960) Prague Spring -Brezhnev Doctrine Decolonization 1945 1956 1961 1968 1979 Ostpolitik (1963) Dien Bien Phu (1954) Kitchen Debate (1959) Two Germans recognized by UN (1973) Berlin Wall erected (1961) Ich bin ein Berliner speech (1963) Sputnik Launched (1957) Crimes of Stalin Speech

3. The Soviet Union1945-1953 • After WWII Stalin reinstituted oppressive rule • Terror and oppression had been relaxed during Great Patriotic War • Over 12 million Soviet Citizens died (1945-53) in Siberian Gulags • Brutal forced-labor camps • Eastern Bloc • Soviet army installed one-party communist rule in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, E. Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania • All had “Five Year Plans” that emphasized heavy industry (RR), and agriculture over consumer products • Stalin purged 500 thousand Czechs, and hundreds of thousands of other eastern Europeans • Only communist Yugoslavia (led by Marshal Tito) kept independence

5. Nikita Khrushchev and De-Stalinization • Stalin died in 1953 • Nikita Khrushchev emerged as the “General Secretary” • Began policy of De-Stalinization • Crimes of Stalin Secret Speech (1956) • At the 20th Congress of the Communist Party • Denounced godlike stature of Stalin & his brutal rule • Began “Khrushchev Thaw” • Censorship was relaxed • Gulags closed • Gosplan shifted resources away from heavy industry & military to consumer goods • Peaceful coexistence • Wanted to prove communism was better than capitalism on its own merits • Tolerated anti-Stalinist views • Boris Pasternak • Wrote Dr. Zhivago (1956) which told story of an intellectual who rejects the brutality of the Bolsheviks and Stalin but ultimately dies • Not published in USSR until 1988 but author was not expelled or jailed

6. “I won the Nobel Prize for literature. What was your crime?”, October 30, 1958 Political cartoonist Bill Mauldin castigated the Soviet Union for not permitting Boris Pasternak to travel to accept his Nobel Prize

7. The Hungarian Uprising (1956) • Some Hungarians thought that the Crimes of Stalin speech was a sign of nod to democracy and self determination • Imre Nagy • installed as new leader by students and workers • a liberal communist reformer • Massive demonstrations demanded non-communist parties be legalized • Began arming themselves • Had ended collectivization • Wanted to remove Soviet Troops, withdraw from Warsaw Pact • Promised free elections • This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary • Soviets invaded • Rebels hoped and expected US help which never came • Soviets crushed rebellion • Nagy executed Imre Nagy, HungarianPrime Minister

8. Hungarian Uprising (1956)

9. Sputnik I (1957) • 1st man-made satellite launched by Soviets • USSR capable of hitting US anywhere with nuclear weapons • “Space Race” began • US Reaction • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed • B-52 fleet enlarged • Submarines equipped with nuclear weapons • Developed ICBM • Educational system funding for science programs greatly increased The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

10. Sputnik (1957)

11. The “Kitchen Debate” (1959) • impromptu debate (through interpreters) between then U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, on July 24, 1959 • entire house was built that the American exhibitors claimed anyone in America could afford • filled with labor saving and recreational devices meant to represent the fruits of the capitalist American consumer market • About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- Khrushchev, 1956

12. The Kitchen Debate (1959)

13. U-2 Spy Incident (1960) • American U-2 pilot Gary Powers was shot down over Soviet airspace • Eisenhower claimed that it was merely a weather plane • Khrushchev revealed that Soviets possessed the plane, its spy cameras and the pilot himself • Paris Peace Summit was canceled • Cold War got colder

14. Paris, 1961 Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

15. The Berlin Wall (1961) • 2-3 million East Germans escaped to West between 1949-1961 • Brain Drain • Many were “best and brightest” • Krushchev threatened to enforce 1958 ultimatum for Allies to leave Berlin • Soviets would protect E. Germany’s sovereignty • Built 28 mile fortified rampart complete with sentry stations • Became enduring symbol of Cold War Click for Clip

16. The Berlin Wall

17. Ich bin ein Berliner!(1963) President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

18. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Following the Bay of Pigs invasion, communist Fidel Castro looked to USSR for protection from the US • Khrushchev sent military technicians and missiles to Cuba (1962) • Began constructing missile silos • U2 spy plane spotted sites • JFK issued a 13 day “quarantine” and promised “full retaliatory response” • Soviet denied missile’s existence before UN Security Council • Adlai Stevenson produced irrefutable photographs • Soviet ships turned back from blockade at last minute • Let to Khrushchev's downfall • Foreign policy too reckless • Agricultural policy not producing more food

19. Cuban Missile Crisis

20. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

21. Decolonization • 33% of world population ruled by foreign power in 1945 • Trend after WWII for colonial powers to give up or lose through attrition their colonial holdings • WWII had reduced European power and destroyed the Western sense of moral superiority • British resigned themselves that loss of empire was inevitable • French gave up Syria and Lebanon But tried to hold onto Algeria & Indochina

22. British Decolonization • India • Independence movement led by Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) • Studied law in GB • Passive Resistance • March to the Sea (salt) 1930) • GB (mercantilistically) took raw cotton from India for its mills • GB partitioned India in 1947 • India (Hindu majority) & Pakistan (Muslim majority) • displaced up to 12.5 million people • estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million • created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan • Kashmir still major point of contention between India and Pakistan • E. Pakistan broke away from India in 1971 & formed Bangladesh

23. British Decolonization • Palestine Mandate • Former Ottoman-Syrian territory carved out after WWI and administered by British • Balfour Declaration promised Zionists a “Jewish State” • This conflicted with Laurence of Arabia’s nationalism spark and rise of Arab nationalism • Illegal (exceeded quota) occurred during 30s as Jews fled Nazis • Brits continued ban on immigration even after WWII • Assination of Lord Moyne by Fighters for the Freedom of Israel led Churchill to turn against Zionist movement • Bombing of King David Hotel in Jerusalem killed 92 British gov. officials • British under increased pressure from US handed over Mandate to UN Partition Plan (1947) • British hampered by established a Jewish state inside of Palestine--which was divided into two states by the United Nations • Arabs refused to accept this division • Series of wars led to Israel conquest of West Bank, Golan Heights, and Gaza Strip

24. British Decolonization: Africa • Africa • During Scramble for Africa, European powers divided Africa and its resources into political partitions at the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 • 1905, Africa was almost completely controlled by Euros • justified by White Man's Burden, an obligation to "civilize" the peoples of Africa • During WWII amount of raw materials being transported to Europe and prompted the creation of local industries • Which led to creation of new towns, which led to increased literacy, which allowed for pro-independence newspapers • Atlantic Charter included provision for autonomy of imperial colonies. • After the war, the British still considered their African colonies as "children" and "immature"; they introduced democratic government only at the local levels • Small elite & western education nationalists led pressured GB to finally grant independence • Characterized by “planned decolonization • Ghana (1957 and Nigeria (1960)

25. French Decolonization • Algeria • Conquered by Charles X in 1830 • 20% of population was European by 1914 • Pieds Noir (black feet)- derogatory term for European immigrants • Had larger say in gov than Arabs • Violent clashes broke out in May 1945 b/t Pieds and Arab Algerians • National Liberation Front (FLN) led guerilla attacks against French • 4th Republic refused to give up • Charles DeGaulle reentered politics • Became president of 5th Republic (strong executive) • Began strategic retreat from Algeria • Marred by attempted coup in 1961 & assassination attempts on DeGaulle • Referendum in 1962 granted Algeria independence

27. Vietnam War • French tried to hold onto their SE. Asian Empire • Communist/Nationalist Ho Chi Minh fought French • Defeated French at Dien Bien Phu in 1954 • Geneva Conference in 1954 French recognized independence Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia • Divided Vietnam along the 17th parallel until general election could be held in ’56 to determine if a united Vietnam should be communist or parliamentary • Ngo Dinh Diem (President of S.V.) feared the popularity of communists and refused to participate in nationwide election • Viet Cong (expert insurgent guerrilla fighters) undermined S.Vietnamese government by redistributing land and calling Diem a puppet of the West • Ho received aid from China and Soviets while South asked US for more aid • Eisenhower viewed N.V. expansion as the 1st of a ‘tumbling row of dominoes’ to spread communism and began to aid the South & began gradual increase in aid

28. The Vietnam War • LBJ used supposed N. Vietnamese torpedo boat attack on US destroyers in Gulf of Tonkin as pretext to gain power to take “all necessary measures” • Involved burning entire villages, defoliating hundreds of thousands of acres, countless refugees • 550 thousand American soldiers by ‘69 • Tet Offensive shook American confidence that it could militarily win the war • French president Charles De Gaulle called US ‘detestable’ • Had withdrawn France from NATO • Protest movement grew in college campuses throughout Western Europe • Compared war to imperialism • Nixon promised (Vietnamization) but actually escalated the war (Invaded Cambodia) • Kissinger negotiated a cease fire in January of 1973 and troops left by March of 1973 • 12 year war ended in 1975 with Fall of Saigon

29. The “Prague Spring” (1968) • period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia from January to August 1968 • Led by reformist Alexander Dubček • Reforms included a loosening of restrictions on the media, speech and travel • Communism with a human face! • Reform frightened hard liners • Leonid Brezhnev • General Secretary of Communist Party (1964-1982) • Began period of “Re-Stalinization” & economic stagnation • Initiated massive arms build-up • Re-Stalinization – dictatorship was collective through the Politburo rather than 1 man • Brezhnev sent 250 thousand troops • Remained occupied until 1990

30. Brezhnev Doctrine Source: Leonid Brezhnev, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on November 13, 1968 "When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries." • Brezhnev Doctrine • USSR had the right to intervene in the name of “proletarian internationism” and to protect “socialism” from capitalism • IE. the Bizzaro World opposite of the Truman Doctrine • Really a political speech trying to justify invasion of Czech and Hungary (1956) • Excuse to retain Soviet hegemony in E. Europe • US only protested but brutal repression made Soviets look bad

31. Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia

32. Ostpolitik • Ostpolitik (1963) • Willy Brandt, (W. German Chancellor) began to improve relations with E. Germany • “Change through rapprochement” • Wanted to settle the “German Question” • Christian Democratic Party, led by Conrad Adenauer held power from 1949 to 1969 • refused to have any contact with the GDR government due to its undemocratic character • Negotiated treaties with USSR, Poland and Czechoslovakia that accepted existing boundaries in return for peace • “Two German states within one German nation • recognized as 2 independent nations at the UN in 1973 • This greatly reduced Cold War tensions Willy Brandt (left) and Willi Stoph in Erfurt 1970, the first encounter of a Federal Chancellor with his East German counterpart

33. Nixon & China • President Richard Nixon was more pragmatic than ideological (Machiavelli would love him) • Pursued foreign policy of Realpolitik • Pursued a balance of power (Remember Peace of Westphalia) policy by opening up relationships with seeming foes • Used Western technology, trade, and investment as a carrot for international cooperation • Soviets were in dire need of Western technology, loans, and grain • Western bankers loaned $ to E. European nations who greatly benefited • US recognized that bipolar (2 superpower) time was gone with growing power of China • Said it would accept People’s Republic of China into the UN in 1971 • 1972 Nixon (Mr. Anti-communist) visited Mao in Beijing to open up relations • This put major pressure on the Soviets to pursue Detente

34. Détente & SALT • Used Brandt’s model to ease tensions with Brezhnev • Easing of tensions led to historic arms reduction treaty • Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (which began under LBJ) resumed • 1972 signed SALT I Treaty • Reaffirmed peaceful coexistence • Agreed to reduce it antimissile defense system and not increase offensive weapons for 5 years • Didn’t stop arms race but did cool tensions and reduce threat of preemptive strike

35. Helsinki Accords • Nations of NATO, Warsaw Pact, and 12 European nations met at Helsinki for a Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (1975) • Pledged to work for peace, economic and cultural cooperation, protection of human rights • Accord were not a formal treaty but set up “Helsinki watch committees” • Surveillance of human rights in member nations • the civil rights portion of the agreement provided the basis for the work of the Moscow Helsinki Group, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance to the Helsinki Accords • USSR signed because didn’t believe it would encourage dissent in its territory • Noted as the high point of Cold War Détente • Ended in 1979 with Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Click for Clip "Leonid Brezhnev had looked forward… to the 'publicity he would gain... when the Soviet public learned of the final settlement of the postwar boundaries for which they had sacrificed so much'... '[Instead, the Helsinki Accords] gradually became a manifesto of the dissident and liberal movement'... What this meant was that the people who lived under these systems — at least the more courageous — could claim official permission to say what they thought." Cold War scholar John Lewis Gaddis in his book "The Cold War: A New History" (2005)