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World War II. Before the war US enters the war The front lines The Pacific Europe End of War Liberating concentration camps The Homefront Japanese Internment Sacrifice and rationing Women Double V Zoot Suit Riots.
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World War II • Before the war • US enters the war • The front lines • The Pacific • Europe • End of War • Liberating concentration camps • The Homefront • Japanese Internment • Sacrifice and rationing • Women • Double V • Zoot Suit Riots
Before the War > Events leading up to the attack & H.V. Kaltenborn on Hitler’s speech, 1938 • 1922 Benito Mussolini comes to power in Italy • September 1931 Japan occupies Manchuria • March 1933 Adolf Hitler seizes power • May 1933 Japan quits League of Nations • 1936 Spanish Civil War against Franco • August 1937 Japan invades China • October 1937 FDR calls for international cooperation against aggression • March 1938 Germany annexes Austria • September 1938 Munich agreement lets Germany annex Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia • November 1938 Kristallnacht, Nazis attack Jews and destroy Jewish property • March 1939 Germany annexes remainder of Czechoslovaka • August 1939 Germany and the Soviet Union sign nonagression pact • September 1939 Germany invades Poland; World War II begins • April-June 1940 Bliztkrieg (Germany conquers much of Western Europe) • September 1940 Germany, Italy, and Japan (the Axis powers) conclude a military alliance • September 1940 First peacetime draft in American history • November 1940 FDR elected for a third term • March 1941 Lend-Lease Act extends aid to Great Britain • May 1941 Germans secure the Balkans • June 1941 Germany invades the Soviet Union • August 1941 The United States and Great Britain agree to the Atlantic Charter • December 1941 Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
Before the War > War of the Worlds broadcast, October 30, 1938
Before the War > North American Aviation advertisement, Collier’s, 1942
On March 11, 1941, President Roosevelt signed into law the Lend-Lease Bill, providing war supplies to countries fighting the Axis
Before the War > North American Aviation advertisement, Collier’s, 1942
Before the War > Omaha high school student’s fascist sticker, 1938
Pearl Harbor > Live KTU broadcast from Hawaii during the attack Reporter: Hello, NBC. Hello, NBC. This is KTU in Honolulu, Hawaii. I am speaking from the roof of the Advertiser Publishing Company Building. We have witnessed this morning the distant view a brief full battle of Pearl Harbor and the severe bombing of Pearl Harbor by enemy planes, undoubtedly Japanese. The city of Honolulu has also been attacked and considerable damage done. This battle has been going on for nearly three hours. One of the bombs dropped within fifty feet of KTU tower. It is no joke. It is a real war. The public of Honolulu has been advised to keep in their homes and away from the Army and Navy. There has been serious fighting going on in the air and in the sea. The heavy shooting seems to be . . . a little interruption. We cannot estimate just how much damage has been done, but it has been a very severe attack. The Navy and Army appear now to have the air and the sea under control. Operator: Ah, just a minute. . . . This is the telephone company. This is the operator. Reporter: Yes. Operator: We have quite a big call, an emergency call. Reporter: We’re talking to New York now.
Pearl Harbor > Pearl Harbor hero Doris (“Dorie”) Miller poster
Propaganda > Japanese Prime Minister Hideki Tojo on Collier’s cover, 1942
The USSR • Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917: international socialist order of dictatorship of proletariat • Vladimir Lenin: socialism in one country, gradual transition from capitalism through “New Economic Policy” • Leon Trotsky: international proletarian revolution • Josef Stalin: economic nationalism, radical industrialization through Five Year Plans and use of forced penal labor • US: borderless “free market” capitalism • USSR: economic nationalism through central planning
Mission to Moscow 1944 • Based on career of Joseph E. Davies, former US ambassador to Moscow • FDR commissioned the film and oversaw it’s production • Finds excuses for Soviet purges of communist elite, invasion of Finland, and the Nazi-Soviet Pact • Aimed at both US and Soviet audiences, to facilitate cooperation during the war
Front Lines > Some key events of World War II • December 1941 - Pearl Harbor • February 1942 - Executive Order mandates internment of Japanese Americans • May-June 1942 - US wins naval superiority in the Pacific • November 1942 - US lands in North Africa • January 1943 - Casablanca Conference announces unconditional surrender policy • February 1943 - Soviet victory over Germans in Stalingrad • May 1943 - German troops surrender in Africa • July 1943 - Allied invasion of Italy • June-August 1944 - US lands in Normandy; liberates Paris • November 1944 - FDR is elected to fourth term • February 1945 - Yalta conference renews US-Soviet alliance • February-June 1945 - US captures Iwo Jima and Okinawa • April 1945 - FDR dies; Harry Truman becomes president • May 1945 - Germany surrenders • August 1945 - US drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Japan surrenders
Front Lines > Wartime broadcasts of Edward Murrow and others from London: Trafalgar Square, Rooftop air raid report, and US bombing run
Front Lines > An African American GI escorts captured German soldiers
Front Lines > War in the Pacific from the soldiers’ point of view U.S. Marine, Guam, 1944 This foxhole is about two feet deep. Now, I would like to be able to speak louder and with more clarity, but unfortunately, the slightest noise, the slightest rustle, will draw fire not only from the Japanese, who are someplace, perhaps, in the dense foliage around us or up on the ridge, but from our own Marines who are huddled nearby in foxholes like this one. I don’t know how they [the Japanese] do it. We can lie here absolutely breathless listening to the slightest sounds and not see anything—in fact, not hear anything—and then we wake up and find that they’re all around us. And it’s a very tough and tedious job to root them out, [inaudible] them and exterminate them. We lost quite a few people in our unit. A very popular captain was killed. Yoshida Kashichi, Guadalcanal, 1942 No matter how far we walk We don’t know where we’re going Trudging along under dark jungle growth When will this march end? Hide during the day Move at night Deep in the lush Guadalcanal jungle Our rice is gone Eating roots and grass Along the ridges and cliffs Leaves hide the trail, we lose our way Stumble and get up, fall and get up Covered with mud from our falls Blood oozes from our wounds No cloth to bind our cuts Flies swarm to the scabs No strength to brush them away Fall down and cannot move How many times I’ve thought of suicide.
Front Lines > Bill Maudlin, “Up Front,” Stars and Stripes, 1945 “Fresh, spirited American troops, flushed with victory, are bringing in thousands of hungry, ragged, battle-weary prisoners.”
End of War > Bodies of victims in the Buchenwald Concentration Camp
World War II Deaths • About 50 million killed worldwide • USSR 13 million soldiers, 7 million civilians • Germany almost 3 million soldiers, 2 million civilians • Japan 1.3 million soldiers, 700,000 civilians • US 292,000 (Great Britain similar)
Internment > “How to Tell Chinese from a Jap,” from an Army manual
Internment > Fred Korematsu with a letter of apology from the White House
Home Front > “America’s Answer! Production” Office for Emergency Management poster, 1942
