WORLD WAR I

1. WORLD WAR I Out of Many Chapter 22

2. Roosevelt Corollary (“extension” ) • Extension of the Monroe Doctrine • A lot of Latin countries were in debt to European countries & could not pay • 1902 – German/British arbitration of Venezuelan dispute • 1903 – Dominican Republic defaults on Euro debts / U.S. collects • 1911 – Nicaragua defaults on debt / U.S. collects • Dec. 1904 – Rather than let European nations intervene – a blatant violation of the Monroe Doctrine - Roosevelt declared that the US would intervene, whenever necessary, instead • Becomes known as the Roosevelt Corollary • Means US would send gunboats to a Latin coutnry that was deliquent in its debts • US sailors would manage ports and ensure customs taxes were being collected properly • Monroe Doctrine requires U.S. to become the international policeman of Latin America

3. “SPEAK SOFTLY AND CARRY A BIG STICK” • Teddy Roosevelt’s philosophy on foreign policy • “Speak softly” = negotiations • “Carry a Big Stick” = use whatever force is necessary if negotiations fail • Prime example is …

4. During the Spanish American War in 1898, the U.S. desired a quicker way of moving ships between the east and west coast of North America. The voyage around South America could take months. 15,000 MILES

5. PANAMA CANAL • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 190l • Previously, the US & GB had a agreement to both build a canal in Central America • Now, they could begin the canal w/out British involvement • U.S. offered to buy it from Colombia for $10 million, plus $250,000 yearly rent • Colombia refused the offer so…… • TR encourages Panamanian revolt • Sends naval cruiser & warships to provide support if necessary • Panama claims independence. • U.S. signs treaty for rights to build & operate canal just 2 weeks later. • Construction starts 1904 – first ships through in 1914.

6. OPEN DOOR POLICY WITH CHINA Japan & China at war over Korea in 1894 Japan wins & gets territory in China European nations worried about Japan’s new power & “divided” China up into spheres of influence controlled by the major European nations Spheres of influence = area where a foreign nation controlled economic development & trade Sec. Of State John Hay supports “Open Door Policy” “Open Door Policy” sought free trade with China by all countries Europe and Japan didn’t think much of this policy – had no real effect early on.

7. RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR • Russia wants Korea (Japan has it) • Japan wants resources from Manchuria – Russia controls this area • Sneak attack by Japan on Russian Fleet, 1905 (like Pearl Harbor) • Japan is winning but by 1905 both sides are ready to make peace • Japan is running out of resources • Russia has revolutionary problems

8. PEACE • TR asked to act as mediator • Convinces Russia to leave Manchuria • Convinces Japan to accept small amount of land instead of $ it felt Russia owed • TR gets Nobel Peace Prize • Effect of the war: • Balance of power in Asia has shifted from Russia to Japan • Japan is now seen as the biggest Eastern threat

9. SPEAK SOFTLY:is the deal negotiated: CALIFORNIA: will stop segregating Japanese schoolchildren JAPAN: will halt emigration to U.S. GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT, 1907 • CARRY A BIG STICK: • TR sends new navy – “Great White Fleet” on world tour as show of American force –U.S. does NOT fear Japan’s growing military power

10. Public had a low opinion of Taft Much more conservative than Roosevelt Felt he was destroying Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”

11. DOLLAR DIPLOMACY • Use foreign policy to protect American investments abroad • Use American money to uphold foreign policy (investment in areas of concern to U.S. – Caribbean & China) • Revolutions in Caribbean U.S. intervention • Nicaragua, Marines 1911 • Cuba, Honduras, Haiti

12. Wilson & Moral Diplomacy Wilson called for a New Freedom in gov’t & promised a moral approach to foreign affairs Opposed imperialism and the big-stick and dollar-diplomacy policies of his Republican predecessors In his first term as president, Wilson had limited success applying a high moral standard to foreign relations Hoped to demonstrate that the US respected other nation’s rights & would support the spread of democracy

13. Righting Past Wrongs Hoping to demonstrate that his presidency was opposed to self-interested imperialism, Wilson took steps to correct what he viewed as wrongful policies of the past

14. RPW: The Philippines • Wilson won passage of the Jones Act • (1) granted full territorial status • (2) guaranteed a bill of rights & universal male suffrage • (3) promised Philippine independence as soon as a stable gov’t was in place

15. RPW: Puerto Rico 1917, an act in Congress granted US citizenship to all inhabitants of PR Also, provided for limited self-government

16. RPW: The Panama Canal 1914, persuaded Congress to repeal an act that had granted US ships an exemption from paying the standard canal tolls charged to other nations Angered American nationalists like Roosevelt, but please the British

17. Military Intervention in Latin American • Wilson had a blind spot with respect to some of the countries in Central America & the Caribbean • Went far beyond TR & Taft in his use of US marines to straighten out financial & political troubles • Kept marines in Nicaragua • Ordered troops into Haiti (1915) & Dominican Republic (1916) • Argued was needed to maintain stability & protect the canal

18. Conflict in Mexico Wilson’s moral approach was tested by a revolution & civil war in Mexico 1913, General Victoriano Huerta seized power byarranging toassassinate thedemocraticallyelected president

19. Tampico Incident Wilson asked for an arms embargo against the Mexican gov’t Sent a fleet to blockade the port of Vera Cruz Sailors were arrested, then released Mexico refused to apologize War seemed imminent South America’s ABC powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) offered to mediate FIRST dispute in the Americas to be settled through joint mediation

20. Pancho Villa • Huerta fell from power in late 1914 • Replaced by a more democratic regime led by Venustiano Carranza • Almost immediately, the new gov’t was challenged by a band of revolutionaries loyal to Pancho Villa • Hoping to destabilize his opponent’s go’vt, Villa led raids across the US/Mexican border & murdered people in both TX & NM • March 1916, Wilson ordered Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico • Stayed in northern Mexico for months w/out capturing Villa • Carranza grew tired of the American presence & protested • January 1917, US withdrew troops due to the growing possibility of entering into WWI

21. CAUSES OF THE WAR –For Europe IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM – individual ethnic groups wanting their own nations MILITARISM Tensions high; an arms race & war preparations began Pre-war alliances for protection by 1914

22. The Alliance System • In 1871, Prussia had created the German Empire • Empire grew rapidly • Transformed European politics • During creation, had attacked France for more territory • France & Germany would become immediate enemies • Germany signed alliances with Italy & Austria-Hungary • Became known as the Triple Alliance

23. The Alliance System • Russia feared the alliance with Austria-Hungary & Germany • France & Russia sign the Franco-Russian Alliance • Britain remain neutral • Germany & Britain found themselves in the middle of a naval race • Convinced Britain they needed a closer relationship with France • Although they never signed a formal agreement, there was a verbal understanding that Great Britain, France, & Russia were now aligned • Nicknamed the Triple Entente

24. Alliance System Prior to WWI Triple Alliance France Russia Britain Triple Entente • Germany • Austria-Hungry • Italy

25. June 28, 1914 - Archduke Franz Ferdinand was killed by Serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, age 19, part of the Black Hand in Sarajevo Princip only wanted Bosnia to be part of Serbia and not the Austria-Hungary Empire Imperialism, Militarism, Nationalism, and a tangled web of alliances = Everyone was ready for an excuse to go to war!

26. Declaration of War WORLD WAR I BEGINS!! • July 28, 1914 – Austria Hungry declares war on Serbia • Russian troops begin to mobilize & even sent them to the German border • August 1, 1914 – Germany declares war on Russia • August 3, 1914 – Germany declares war on France • Germany sends troops through neutral Belgium to reach French territory • Great Britain declares war on Germany

27. Alliance System During WWI Central Powers Great Britain France Russia Italy Allies • Germany • Austria-Hungry • Ottoman Empire • Bulgaria

28. The Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s first strike strategy that called for a quick sweep through France knocking them out of the war so that they could concentrate on defeating Russia on the Eastern Front. • To do this had to invade neutral Belgium which brings Britain in the war • War tech bogs down fighting to stalemate, plan fails, Germany fights 2 front war

29. America’s Official Position is:NEUTRALITY • Wilson a pacifist • BUT, U.S. sympathies are with the ALLIES: • A common cultural background with Great Britain • Historical links with France • British surpass Germans with propaganda

30. AMERICAN ECONOMIC NEUTRALITY, WORLD WAR I BRITISH BLOCKADE of trade with Central Powers 2.3 BILLION TO ALLIES

31. Military Factors • German U-Boats (or Unterseeboot) • Created to get around British blockade • 1915, German announced they would sink w/out warning any ship found in British waters • Violation of international treaty to protet civilian vessels • Germans claimed that many merchant ships were actually war boats in disguise • Sinking of the LUSITANIA • British passenger ship carrying American citizens • Killed 1,200 people including 128 Americans • American public saw this as terrorism, NOT war • Wilson’s response is a “slap on the hand” • Sent diplomatic notes to German gov’t

32. THE SUSSEX PLEDGE • French passenger ship • Sunk March 1916 • 25 Americans dead • Wilson threatens to break all diplomatic relations with Germany • Germany agrees to SUSSEX PLEDGE

33. Causes of War: The United States U.S. DECLARES WAR!! • January 1917: • Zimmerman Telegraph • Proposed that Mexico ally with Germany should US go to war • Rewarded with lost territory in TX, NM, and AZ • February 1, 1917: • Unrestricted Submarine Warfare • February 3 – March 21: • Germany sinks 6 US merchant ships without warning • April 6, 1917:

34. …and the Russians Leave • March 1917, riots breaking out in Russia • Czar Nicholas II steps down from the throne • Temporary gov’t stepped in • Primarily moderate • Unable to handle the major problems, like food shortage • Bolsheviks – communist party group • Overthrew the temporary gov’t • Puts Vladimir Lenin in power • Lenin pulls Russia out of war to concentrate on building communist state • Germany now can focus on a one-front war • Germany gained territory – Ukraine, Polish & Baltic territories

35. SELLING THE WAR TO AMERICA: • CPI, Creel • 4-Minute Men • Patriotic songs – “Over There” • Crusade: freedom & democracy • PROPAGANDA!

36. MOBILIZATION • “Mobilize” – preparing troops and supplies and getting them to war • Woefully inadequate troop number • Approx. 2 million volunteers • Selective Service Act is instituted: • the Draft (conscription) • included ages 18-45 • Established local draft boards throughout US • Approx 2.8 million drafted

37. MOBILIZATION • War Industries Board to direct industrial mobilization • RR Administration; Fuel Administration & daylight savings time • Food Administration – Hoover • Wheatless Wednesdays • Victory Gardens • A major change in the relationship between gov’t and business!

38. OPPORTUNITIES FOR MINORITIES & WOMEN • Wages up, but so is cost of living • Women: • new opportunities in both factories & farms, but short-lived • Do get suffrage finally! • Blacks: the “Great Migration” • 500,000 move to North 1914 to 1919 • Leads to brutal race riots in N (Chicago – 1917, 9 whites, 40 blacks dead) • BUT, do see economic improvement • In military, serve in segregated units

39. MINORITIES IN THE MILITARY • Blacks: • In military, serve in segregated units • NOT allowed in Marines • Manual labor in Army, etc. • Approx. 400,000 served • Women: • First war that women could serve in military • No combat duty • Native Americans • Approx. 15,000 served • Non-segregated units • Scouts, messengers, & snipers