Chapter 14: The Renaissance and Reformation Section 1: The Renaissance Begins

1. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and ReformationSection 1: The Renaissance Begins AsmoCloud World Studies

2. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Two major features of the Italian Renaissance were acceptance of nonreligious attitudes and the study of Greek and Roman cultures.

3. A. The Renaissance in Europe • A Fresh Outlook • The Renaissance marked a change from a spiritual emphasis to an emphasis on the human experience in the present. • Renaissance thinking encouraged people to take control of their lives and to fulfill their potential. • The rebirth of ideas that took place during the Renaissance involved a renewed interest in learning for its own sake.

4. A. The Renaissance in Europe • The Renaissance Begins • Business and commerce helped pave the way for the Italian Renaissance. • Thriving commerce and trade brought Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Milan, and Florence into contact with many other cultures. • Many merchants grew wealthy and used their money to support the arts.

5. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Renaissance Figures in the Arts • Francesco Petrarca was an early Renaissance writer. His poems are considered some of the greatest love poems in literature. • Other important figures of the early Renaissance included the painter Giotto Brunelleschi (painted lifelike, expressive figures) and architect Filippo Brunelleschi ( gave drawings a three-dimensional effect). • Although Venice and Rome, made important contributions to the Arts, Florence was the single most important center of the Italian Renaissance.

6. A. The Renaissance in Europe • Humanism • Written works of Greeks and Roman scholars were an important inspiration for Renaissance poets, historians, artists, and scholars. The classics. • Humanism is an intellectual movement which focused on classical ideals, styles, and forms. • The humanists studied, translated, and explained manuscripts written in Greek and Latin with a lot of topics such as history, literature, and grammar.

7. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • During this period, important contributions to science, arts, politics, and manners were made by people such a Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Machiavelli, and Baldassare Castiglione.

8. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • Machiavelli and Government • Niccolo Machiavelli held a number of positions in government from 1498-1512. and learned how rulers gained and kept power. • The Prince by Machiavelli was the first nonreligious, analysis of politics. • The book told how politics in Italy really acted, and also it told how rulers had to act if they wanted to stay in power.

9. B. Italian Renaissance Writers • The Writing of Castiglione • The Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione was an influential book published in 1528. • Castiglione discusses how the perfect courtier should be and he should be of noble birth, handsome, graceful, strong, courageous, and also be accomplished in learning. • The book soon was translated into French, German, Spanish, Russian, and English.

10. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • The arts, including painting, sculpture, and architecture, flourished during the Renaissance.

11. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Leonardo da Vinci as Renaissance Man • “The Adoration of the Magi”, “The Last Supper”, and “La Gioconda” know as “Mona Lisa” are some of the things that make Leonardo da Vinci a Renaissance man. • The Medici were a wealthy banking family in Florence and spent lavishly on the arts, and they were da Vinci’s patrons. • Da vinci was a sculpture, mathematician, an architect, and a scientist. In the field of science Leonardo dissected corpses to gain knowledge of human anatomy. That’s why he was so ahead of his time. Da vinci was truly a Renaissance man.

12. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Painting • Michelangelo Buonarrotti and Raphael Sanzio were well know painters of the Italian Renaissance. • At a young age Michelangelo moved to Rome, there the Pope gave him the task to paint the Sistine Chapels’ ceiling. He shut himself in the huge room and under extreme situations he created a masterpiece. • In “School of Athens” Raphael sums up the Renaissance ideals of harmony, balance, and classical culture. But because he was younger than Michelangelo and Leonardo, he studied their work and included their faces and his own in the painting.

13. C. Italian Renaissance Artists • Sculpture and Architecture • Sculptures of human figures were primarily created for great cathedrals during the Middle Ages. Most were part of buildings to which they were attached. • During the Renaissance the human body became a major subject of sculpture. David(the young biblical hero David, who killed the giant Goliath) and Pieta( Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus in her lap) are examples of it. • Symmetry and harmony were popular themes of architectural style: columns, domes, and arches, for example.

14. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and ReformationSection 2: The Renaissance Spreads AsmoCloud World Studies

15. A. The European Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy • During the 1500s, the Renaissance spread across northern and western Europe

16. A. The European Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy • Johann Gutenberg and the Printing Press • The invention of the printing press around 1450 by Germany’s Johann Gutenberg helped spread the Renaissance into northern Europe. • The humanists had gathered knowledge and the printing press made it possible by printing and distributing multiple copies. • The Courtier began to appear in printed form. And by 1600, The Courtier, had been translated into many European languages and printed in over 100 editions.

17. A. The European Renaissance Spreads Outside Italy • The Spread of Ideas • One of many ways to spread ideas and values of Renaissance Italy throughout Europe was the translation of the printed word. • Another way to carry out ideas was by Italian artists who traveled to other countries. For example, Da Vinci spend his final years in France as a painter, engineer, and architect to King Francis I. • Visitors to Renaissance Italy left with respect for Italy’s ancient civilization and its artistic discoveries. They found inspiration in Italy and gladly shared it with citizens of their countries.

18. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Northern Renaissance writers made important contributions.

19. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Erasmus Spreads Humanism • Desiderius Erasmus was one of the most important figures of the Renaissance in northern Europe. He was a priest from Rotterdam, a city in the Netherlands. For many years he studied Greek. After leaving Italy, he headed to England. • When Erasmus arrived in England, he lived with Thomas More, one of his friends. There he wrote, The Praise of Folly his most powerful work. In it, he attacked wrongdoing, stupidity, and meaningless church ceremony. He was a loyal Roman Catholic priest but was disturbed by corruption in the church. • Erasmus wanted people to know about Christianity, and he also wanted people to read the Bible, so he called for a translation of it to everyday language of ordinary people.

20. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Francois Rabelais • Francois Rabelais unlike Erasmus used a humorous tone in his work, instead of a mild and restrained one like Erasmus. • Gargantua and Pantagruel is a collection of stories about the giant Gargantua and Pantagruel, his son. These characters were used by Rabelais to express his opinions about religion, education, and greed. • Rabelais was trained for both the priesthood and medicine but still made fun of greed, clerical abuses, and the education system. Rabelais instead believed in civilized education, intelligent government, and balanced living.

21. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Montaigne’s Personal Essays • French humanist and author Michel de Montaigne was another important humanist. Montaigne's father loved the Renaissance values and ideals. He spoke only Latin to his son until he was six years old, and he also made sure that young Michel awoken every morning to the sound of music. • After service in government, Michel de Montaigne spent many years in private study, writing his thoughts and feelings in personal essays. • Montaigne used his essays to share and gain self-knowledge. The topics he discussed were education, friendship, suffering, politics, death, freedom, and nature.

22. B. Northern Renaissance Writers • Cervantes and The First European Novel • Renaissance Spain produced one of the greatest writers of that age. Miguel de Cervantes, known simply as Cervantes. After his career as a soldier, he settled down to write poems, plays, and stories. • Don Quixote literally brought fame for Cervantes. In this book the hero, Don Quixote has a good heart but does to many foolish things. • Don Quixote was an immediate success throughout Europe. And it remains one of the most widely read novels ever written.

23. C. Northern Renaissance Artists • Achievements in art were made when the Renaissance spread to northern Europe.

24. C. Northern Renaissance Artists • Flemish Painters. • Jan van Eyck developed his own style of painting by using oil on canvas, at a school located in Flanders. Van Eyck paid great attention to detail and used striking colors. His most famous work is titled Adoration of the Lamb. • Pieter Brueghel painted everyday scenes of peasants at work and at play, the country side, and village festivals. He used rich colors and details, just like Van Eyck. • Peter Paul Rubens, was another outstanding artist of the northern Renaissance. He created monumental works on themes from the Bible and classical mythology.

25. C. Northern Renaissance Artists • Durer Invents the Woodcut. • Albrecht Durer was one of the greatest German painters of his time. He had a remarkable talent for drawing. At young age Durer quickly mastered the technique of designing woodcuts. Durer traveled to France and there he improved his engraving skills. • After Durer traveled to Venice he met new artistic styles and new forms of expression that were different from what he had experienced in his native country. There in Venice, he also copied well-known paintings to improve his technique. He also, studied mathematics, read poetry, and carefully observed the life that surrounded him. • When he returned to Germany, he established his own workshop and became very popular. He also drew self-portraits and portraits of others including one of Erasmus.

26. D. The English Renaissance • English writers made great contributions to the Renaissance.

27. D. The English Renaissance • Renaissance Models: Thomas More and Philip Sidney. • Thomas More and Philip Sidney, summed up the spirit of the English Renaissance. • As a young man, Thomas More formed a great friendship with Desiderius Erasmus. In 1516, with the encouragement and help of Erasmus, he published one of his greatest books called Utopia, which was written in Latin. He wrote political philosophy, biography, history, theology, and poetry. • Sir Philip Sidney brought together the style and accomplishments of the Renaissance gentleman in England. He was a brilliant diplomat and soldier, as well as a major poet and literary critic.

28. D. The English Renaissance • Shakespeare, Playwright and Poet • William Shakespeare, was often called the greatest playwright of all time. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564. Even though he never visited Italy influence of Italy is apparent in many of his plays. • The Merchant of Venice, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Antony and Cleopatra, Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth are only few of the many plays he wrote. • A reason for their lasting fame is Shakespeare’s understanding of human nature.

29. Chapter 14: The Renaissance and ReformationSection 3: The Reformation AsmoCloud World Studies

30. A. Causes of the Reformation • After previous calls for Church reform had failed, Martin Luther took up the challenge and began the Reformation.

31. A. Causes of the Reformation • Religious, Social, and Political Factors • The Roman Catholic Church owed great amounts of money to its armies and for rebuilding Saint Peter’s Basilica. • Many Church officials had become used to a life of luxury, forgetting that they had promised to obey the laws of God and the laws of the Church. • Soon the people saw the Roman Catholic Church as old-fashioned, and decided to manage their own religious affairs.

32. A. Causes of the Reformation • The Spread of Knowledge • The invention of the printing press by Johann Gutenberg was one of the most important factors leading to the Reformation. • The Gutenberg Bible was one of the most celebrated products of Gutenberg’s press. • The Bible had achieved wide circulation within several generations.

33. A. Causes of the Reformation • The Challenge of Martin Luther • The Reformation began on October 31, 1517. Salvation according to Martin Luther was that God saved sinners through faith alone, rather than in human achievement. • During the 1520s, he began translating the Bible into German, when it was published in 1534 it was the first complete translation of the Bible. • Luther criticized the luxury and abuses of the clergy. He believed that the clergy should be allowed to marry. After a call that the Church authorities found very threatening , he urged to the German prince to enforce reform in taking over the Church in Germany.

34. B. The Spread of Protestantism • The Reformation spread rapidly throughout Europe, resulting in a number of different forms of dissent.

35. B. The Spread of Protestantism • Calvinism • Calvinism refers to the beliefs and practices of the followers of French theologian John Calvin. Calvin’s beliefs had much in common with Luther’s. • The Calvinists wished to build a thoroughly Christian society in which there would be no separation between politics and religion. • During the 1540s, Calvin drew up a new set of rules based on the Bible. He set a group of pastors, or ministers to oversee the behavior of everyone in the community. He banned gambling, singing , dancing, and drinking alcohol. He made worship plain and strict. Calvinism became the dominant form of religion in the Netherlands and Scotland.

36. B. The Spread of Protestantism • The English Reformation • England was a nation divided by religion. King Henry VIII rebelled against the Roman Catholic Church. • When Henry VIII died in 1547, his son Edward VI took the throne. Thanks to him Protestantism grew popular. Sadly he died only six years after taking the throne. Mary Tudor or so called “Bloody Mary” took the throne. She tried to reinstate Roman Catholicism. She burned hundreds of Protestants at the stake for heresy. • After Queen Elizabeth I took the throne the Church of England was re-established; priest wore robes, they were allowed to marry, altars were decorated with crucifixes.

37. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • The Roman Catholic Church responded to the Protestant Reformation.

38. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • The Council of Trent • The Council of Trent was a group of Church leaders called to a meetings in northern Italy in 1545 by Pope Paul III, and it met for 18 years during the reigns of five popes. • The Council believed that salvation came from a combination of faith and good works. • They rejected the Protestant belief that the Bible was the only source of authority. They also believed that individuals did not have the right to interpret the Bible. They didn’t allow native languages to be used for the celebration of the Roman Catholic Mass, only Latin.

39. C. Catholics Respond to the Reformation • Spreading Catholicism • Few years before the first meetings of the Council of Trent, Pope Paul III gave permission to Ignatius of Loyola to find a new order, or group of Catholic clergy. • The Society of Jesus was founded in 1534. It’s members were called Jesuits. They were soldiers of the Church, missionaries for the Christian faith, and educators of the young. • Saint Theresa of Avila was a supporter of the Church. She was a nun who set up convents throughout Spain, and has an important role in the Church’s new spirit.