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Jails in the United States: Statistics, Detention, and Short-Term Incarceration

Explore the current state of jails in the United States, including statistics, detention practices, and short-term incarceration. Learn about key issues such as overcrowding, inmate demographics, methods of release, and the challenges faced by jail administration.

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Jails in the United States: Statistics, Detention, and Short-Term Incarceration

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  1. Chapter 7 Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration

  2. American “jails”:by the numbers... number of jails in U.S.

  3. Americans jailed annually number (in millions)

  4. adult jail inmates:conviction status More than 1/2 of adult jail inmates have NOT been convicted of a crime.

  5. adult jail inmates:gender 9/10 of adult jail inmates are men.

  6. adult jail inmates:“race” 2/5 of adult jail inmates are African-American. note: hispanics are considered separate of african-americans and whites

  7. adult jail inmates:“ethnicity” 1/6 of adult jail inmates are Hispanic.

  8. adult jail inmates:race + ethnicity 1/3 of adult jail inmates are White.

  9. getting out of jail -- free? methods of release bail (ROR) release on recognizance pretrial release granted on the defendant’s promise to appear in court, based on defendant’s ties to the community sum of money specified by judge to be posted by the accused as condition of pretrial release, to ensure defendant’s appearance in court bondsman independent businessperson who charges fee, usu. 5-10% for bail money “10% cash bail” (reform) D. deposits 10% of bail amount with court; 90% returned at trial

  10. definition “preventive detention” • detention of an accused in jail to protect the community from crimes the accused is considered likely to commit if released from jail while he awaits trial • authorized by Comprehensive Crime Control Act, 1984 • upheld in US v. Salerno, 1987

  11. definition “pretrialdiversion” • an alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to abide with conditions set by the prosecutor in exchange for the withdrawal of charges(eg, counseling, drug treatment) • reasons for diversion programs • criminal justice system is not well equipped to handle some problems -- vagrancy, alcoholism, juveniles • keep less dangerous offenders from being labeled & treated as hard-core criminals • diversion costs are less danger! “widening the net”

  12. definition “widening the net” • increasing the scope (ie, reach) of corrections & CJS by creating diversionary program & then sending people to that program for offenses that are much less serious than those the program was originally intended for. • “diversion” programs thereby ensnare persons who would otherwise not have come under the jurisdiction of the justice system (except for availability of the diversion program)

  13. definition “new-generation jail” • a facility of “podular” architectural design and with management policies that emphasize staff-inmate interaction and the provision of services to inmates

  14. definition “podular unit” • self-contained living area for from 12 to 24 inmates, composed of private, individual cells & open areas for social interaction • each jail has two or more “pods”

  15. definition “directsupervision” • a method of correctional supervision in which staff have direct physical interaction with inmates throughout the day

  16. definition “regional jail” • facility operated under a joint agreement by two or more governmental units (eg, city + county), with a jail board made up of representatives from participating jurisdictions and having authority over policy, budget, operations, and personnel

  17. definition “fee system” • a system in which jail operations are to be paid on the basis ofa flat allocation per prisoner per day • problem: creates an incentive for poor jails & inadequate services, since the allocation remains the same, irrespective of the level of service provided

  18. 2 3 15 “pay as you go” jails (“user fees”) some jails are experimenting with directly charging inmates (who can afford it) at least some of the costs of their “keep” daily room and board “co-pay” for nurse sick call “co-pay” for medical specialist

  19. special problems of jail detainees jail issues mental health problems rights of pretrial detainees substance dependency legal needs medical needs

  20. problems of jail administration jail management issues jail facilities (outmoded & expensive) legal liability 42 USC §1983 jail standards(ACA) jail crowding (crisis in ‘90’s) personnel matters ($, training, conditions)

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