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Ch. 10 Cause and Effect - Overview

Ch. 10 Cause and Effect - Overview. Cause and Effect = “analyzes why something happens” (321). Cause and Effect = always based on a Narrative: you can’t answer why something happened unless you clearly know what happened.

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Ch. 10 Cause and Effect - Overview

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  1. Ch. 10 Cause and Effect - Overview • Cause and Effect = “analyzes why something happens” (321). • Cause and Effect = always based on a Narrative: you can’t answer why something happened unless you clearly know what happened. • “Cause and effect, like narration, links situations and events together in time, with causes preceding effects. But causality involves more than sequence” (321)

  2. Two Categories of Causes • Main cause vs. contributory cause (323-24) • Immediate cause vs. remote cause (324-25) In explaining causes, always make sure you have main and remote causes in your essay.

  3. Prewriting & Arranging #1: Classification/Division Method • See immigration examples on pp 321-322: • Topic: One effect. Body: Explain its many causes (each cause is a body paragraph) Immigration example on page 321. • Topic: One cause. Body: Explain its many effects (each effect is a body paragraph) Immigration example on page 322.

  4. Prewriting & Arranging #2: Causal Chain Method • Causal chain = “the result of one action is the cause of another” (325) • Body 1: A causes B, • Body 2: B causes C, • Body 3: C causes D, • and so on “Leaving out any link in the chain, or putting any link in improper order, destroys the logic and continuity of the chain” (331)

  5. Prewriting & Arranging #2: Causal Chain Method Example (325) Why do some retired generals believe that global warming may threaten U.S. national security? • Remote & Main Cause: Global warming causes worldwide climate change, like droughts. • Climate change, like droughts, cause people to leave their homelands in search a better climate, like clean water. • All of these people become refugees, which cause large refugee camps. • The resulting refugee camps become a breeding ground for terrorists. • These terrorists threaten U.S. national security.

  6. Don’t Confuse Chronology with Causality Avoiding Post Hoc Reasoning = Don’t assume that just because A precedes B, that A caused B. It just may be coincidence! (326)

  7. Student Example & Peer Edit Sheet Evelyn Pellicane “The Irish Famine, 1845-1849” (333-334) – a backwards Causal Chain: What caused and prolonged the Irish Famine, 1845-1849? • Body 1: Immediate cause: A) Crop failure, leading to B) starvation and easy eviction of Irish tenants • Body 2: B) Easy eviction of Irish tenants because C) most British landlords didn’t care • Body 3: C) Most British landlords didn’t care because D) British government policies sided with Britain over Ireland. • Body 4: Remote cause: D) British government sided with Britain over Ireland because E) the British had a long-standing prejudice against the Irish. • Body 5: One paragraph, explaining various effects of the Irish Famine: Population reduction, beggars, epidemics, mass immigration to other countries, poverty. Peer Editing Worksheet: Cause and Effect (336)

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