Andrew Jackson: 1828 – 1836 Era of the Common Man

1. Andrew Jackson: 1828 – 1836 Era of the Common Man

2. Jumpstart • Pick up the Jackson video guide and your folder. • You will sit in your normal seat today. We will start the new seating chart tomorrow.

3. Jumpstart – In your notebook! • Use the tables to answer the questions. • Write 2 observations you can make about the chart. What factor best explains the large increase in voters between the election of 1824 and 1828? • Former slaves were emancipated and allowed to vote. • An amendment was enacted ending voting fees. • Women were given the right to vote. • Many states had put an end to property qualifications.

4. Expanded Suffrage • Suffrage- the right to vote • In the early 1800’s, more people gained the right to vote • States reduced voting restrictions • No more poll taxes or property requirements • 1800= 14 states with property requirements to vote • 1830= 2 states with property requirements to vote • The “common man” gained voting rights • Helped Jackson win the election of 1828

5. Changes in voting requirements 1800 to 1830

6. New Political Parties • No one won the electoral votes • Voting moved to House and JQ Adams won • Jackson referred to this as the “Corrupt Bargain” • Split the Democratic-Republicans in 2 • Democrats • Jackson supporters • National Republicans • Adams supporters

7. Election of 1828 • Jackson vs. Adams…AGAIN! • First modern political campaign • Both sides made vicious, personal attacks • Tried to “win” the vote • Jackson aimed his campaign against the wealthy elite (Adams) • He promised to look out for the “common man” • Jackson won both the popular and electoral vote • His election marked the beginning of Jacksonian Democracy • idea of spreading political power to all people and ensuring majority rule

8. 1828 Election Results

9. Jackson’s Presidency • Jackson supporters • Rich planters from the South • People on the Western frontier • Middle class (“Common Man”) • Immigrants in the cities • Jackson rewarded his supporters with jobs • Spoils System: winning candidates give government jobs to their supporters • Issues during his presidency • States’ Rights (Nullification) • Role of the National Bank • Status of Native Americans

10. What are tariffs? Why are they controversial? • Tariffs are taxes on imported goods (goods coming into the country from other countries). • They make imported goods more expensive, which makes it possible for American-made goods to compete. • There are basically 4 groups in Jackson’s time: • Northern sellers – They were able to sell their goods because they were relatively cheaper than imports. • Foreign sellers – Their goods were made more expensive, so they were able to sell fewer. • Northern buyers – They were able to buy locally-made goods cheaply. • Southern buyers – They had to pay more for goods from the North (due to transportation) or from overseas (due to tariffs).

11. Tariff Simulation Instructions • There are four main groups involved in this activity: • A = BLUE Sellers: Northern merchants who are able to sell their products at a cheaper price without a tariff. Their products will cost $1 each (one ticket). • B = BLUE Purchasers: Northerners who can buy cheaper Northern products due to the tariff and do not have to pay expensive shipping costs since most goods are made in their area. • C = RED Purchasers: Southerners who have to pay expensive shipping prices since most factories are in the North. They can pay either $2 (tickets) for Northern products or $3 (tickets) for British due to the tariff. • D = ORANGE Sellers: British merchants who are charged a tariff on their product because Congress wants to make American products cheaper. Their products will be $3 each.

12. Economies of the North and South • REVIEW! REVIEW! REVIEW! • Economy of the North • Fishing, shipbuilding industry and naval supplies, trade and port cities • Skilled craftsmen, shopkeepers, manufacturing (textiles, tools, metals, building materials, etc.) • Economy of the South • Large farms/plantations, cash crops (tobacco, indigo, rice, cotton), wood products, small farms • Slavery

13. REVIEW ! REVIEW ! • What is a TARIFF? TAX the government puts on imported goods (from other countries) If you were a FACTORY OWNER or in MANUFACTURING , would you like tariffs? Yes! Your products would not have an additional tax, so what you make would be cheaper than foreign goods. If you were a FARMER, would you like tariffs? No! You depend on foreign nations to buy your crops and in return, you buy their manufactured goods. You are afraid that tariffs will make foreign goods more expensive. If you don’t buy their goods, then they might not buy your crops.

14. Feelings on Tariffs • North favored tariffs • Made manufactured goods cheaper than foreign goods • Allowed them to make more money$$$ • South opposed tariffs • Made foreign goods more expensive • Foreign countries bought less Southern crops since the South wasn’t buying as much from them

15. Increasing Sectionalism • 1820’s and 30’s- Nationalism was replaced by sectionalism • Loyalty to ones state or region over the country • During this time Congress was arguing over tariffs and their effects on the country • North liked it b/c it made their goods cheaper • South didn’t b/c they depended on foreign trade • Congress passed the largest tariff yet in 1828 to help the growth of manufacturing

16. Nullification • Tariff of Abominations (1828)- tariff that raised the price of imported factory goods by the largest amount yet • Northern factory owners favored the new law since it encouraged people to buy their goods

17. Nullification • Southerners opposed it for several reasons: • Tariffs raised the price they paid for factory goods • High tariffs kept foreign countries from trading with the U.S. because it was more expensive • Hurt cotton sales for the South • Believed the a law that favored one section was unconstitutional • Calhoun, Vice President at the time, brought up idea of nullification- states can nullify a law if they see it as unconstitutional

18. South Carolina Threatens to Secede • Tariff brought up the issue of state vs. national government again • Webster-Hayne Debates: 1830 Senate debate over the doctrine of nullification • South Carolina threatened to secede • Jackson was prepared to use military force to keep them in the union • Henry Clay created a compromise bill that gradually lowered the tariff until 1842 • Both sides called a truce for the time

19. Jump Start • Pick up the Trail of Tears pretest and answer the questions as best you can. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LSkfmCj8Jg

20. Jackson and the Bank • Using the provided excerpt, please read for and highlight the following: • How was the federal government involved with the bank? • In Jackson’s opinion, who did the bank favor? And who did it hurt? • What did Henry Clay do in 1832 that dealt with the bank? • How did Jackson respond to the bank being re-chartered (renewed)? • Did citizens agree with Jackson? How do we know?

21. Issues over the Bank • Jackson was against the National Bank for many reasons: • Favored wealthy Northerners • Didn’t help Western farmers • Thought the bank president used the bank to control Congress • Jackson vetoed the re-charter • He later moved all federal money to state banks (pet banks) • By doing this, he “killed” the bank

22. Indian Removal • Jackson had little sympathy for Native Americans • Raised on the frontier • Only 125,000 remained east of the Mississippi • Hoping to keep their lands, they adopted many American characteristics and ways of life • Despite their effort, whites decided they had to go as cotton spread west • Indian Removal Act of 1830- gave the president the right to make treaties in which Indians traded their lands for new territory on the Great Plains • Some saw no other way out and gave up land

23. Trail of Tears • Georgia tried to take control of Cherokee land • Cherokee took Georgia to court • Worcester vs. Georgia 1832 • John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee nation was “a distinct community” with “self-government” in which the laws of Georgia had no force • Ruling was ignored by both Jackson and Georgia • Cherokee had to sell or would be removed by military force • 1838: 16,000 were gathered into camps and began the forced march west • More than ¼ died from exposure and starvation • Later became known as the Trail of Tears

31. How Banks Work • Banks are businesses – intended to make a profit • They don’t just store people’s money. They use the money deposited with them to make loans. • People need bank loans to buy homes, start businesses, etc. People pay banks interest for the use of their money. • For instance, if a bank charges 10% simple interest – A person borrowing $1,000 would pay $1,100. • Banks maximize profit by charging compound interest – A person borrowing $1,000 would pay $1,105 at the end of a year (or $1,221 at the end of two years).

32. Who Needed Loans? Western farmers – You’ve moved into the West with your family. You’ve spent your money on the trip, the land, and building your house. Now you need money to buy seeds, fertilizer, etc., so you can have a successful farm! New England industrialists – Your factory employees hundreds of people. Although you’ve been successful, you need to buy additional equipment and factories to keep up with demand for your products. If you are Bank President Nicholas Biddle, who do you want to make loans to?

33. Jackson’s Viewpoint • Jackson saw the location and policies of the bank as favoring the wealthy New England industrialists. • While this was true to some extent, the bank also provided stability and controlled the flow of money. • Although the previous bank president had expanded loans too quickly and caused a panic, Biddle’s policies had actually helped grow the economy. • Still, Jackson used his VETO to kill the bank re-charter and moved the money to state banks. These were called “pet banks” because they were headed by Jackson supporters. • These pet banks made reckless loans and printed too much currency, causing a depression in 1837.