Unit 9: The Age of Jackson 1824 – 1848

1. Unit 9: The Age of Jackson1824 – 1848 APUSH Mrs. Baker

2. Essential Question • How did Andrew Jackson expand the role of the President during his tenure? • Was Andrew Jackson the champion of the “common man” or “King Andrew”?

3. How did democracy change during the Age of Jackson? • White male suffrage increased • Party nominating committees. • Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors. • Spoils system. • Rise of Third Parties. • Popular campaigning. • Parades, rallies, floats, etc.

4. The Evolution of Voting Requirements in the Early 19th c.

6. The Election of 1824

7. Results of the Election of 1824 “Corrupt Bargain?”

8. The Election of 1828

9. Results of the Election of 1828 What did the results of the election demonstrate about American politics?

10. The Presidency of Andrew Jackson 1829 - 1837

11. Role of the President • Presented himself as the representative of all the people and the protector of the common man against the abuses of power by the rich and the privileged. • Opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt. • Interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly and therefore vetoed more bills than the total of all the preceding presidents combined. • Vetoed the use of federal money to construct the Maysville Road. • Used the “kitchen cabinet” as his group of advisers.

12. The “Peggy Eaton Affair”

13. Jackson’s Native American Policy • Indian Removal Act (1830)

14. Supreme Court Cases • Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) • Cherokees were not a foreign nation with the right to sue in a federal court. • Worcester v. Georgia (1832) • Ruled that the laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of the Cherokee territory. • Jackson’s response • “John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

15. Removing Indians West

16. Trail of Tears (1838 – 1839)

17. The Nullification Issue • Jackson favored states’ rights but not if it would lead to disunion. • In 1828, SC legislature declared the increased tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations) to be unconstitutional • SC affirmed theory advanced by John C. Calhoun known as nullification. • Each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void.

18. The Webster – Hayne Debate (1830) • Sen. Daniel Webster (MA) argued Sen. Robert Hayne (SC) on the nature of the federal Union under the Constitution • Webster attacked the idea that any state could defy or leave the Union. • “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable.” • Jackson declared “Our federal Union – it must be preserved” • Calhoun stated “The Union, next to our liberty, most dear.”

19. Continued Conflict in 1832 • Calhoun called a special convention in 1832 to nullify both the 1828 tariff and the new tariff of1832. • Convention passed resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs within the state. • Jackson responded by ordering the secretary of war to prepare for military action. • Congress passed the Force Bill • Gave the president the authority to take military action in SC. • Instead of using force, Jackson offered a compromise by suggesting to Congress to lower the tariff. • SC postponed nullification.

20. Renewing the Charter of the Bank of the United States (BUS) • Jackson v. Nicholas Biddle (BUS Manager) • Jackson believed the BUS was unconstitutional. • Jackson also believed that Biddle managed the bank to abuse its power and served the interests of the wealthy. • Henry Clay (rival of Jackson) favored the bank. • During the Election of 1832, Clay convinced Congress to pass a bank-recharter bill • Backfired on Clay • Jackson won the Election of 1832 by ¾ electoral votes.

21. Election of 1832

22. Opposition to the 2nd BUS “Soft” (paper) $ “Hard” (specie) $ • State bankers felt it restrained their banks from issuing bank notes freely. • Supported rapid economic growth & speculation • Felt that coin was the only safe currency • Didn’t like any bank that issued bank notes • Suspicious of expansion & speculation

23. Destroying the 2nd BUS • 1832 – Jackson vetoed the bill • Denounced as a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners at the expense of the common man. • Pet Banks • Jackson “killed” the national bank through the veto & by withdrawing all federal funds. • He transferred the funds to various state banks which Jackson personally selected. • 1836 – Charter eventually expired • 1841 – Bank went bankrupt.

25. Specie Circular (1836) • As a result of Jackson’s financial policies and rapid speculation of western lands, prices for land and various goods became extremely inflated. • Jackson responded by issuing a presidential order known as a Specie Circular • Required that all future purchases of federal lands be made in gold and silver rather than in paper banknotes. • Result: • Banknotes loose their value • Land sales plummeted • Credit not available • Businesses began to fail • Unemployment rose • Panic of 1837.

26. Panic of 1837

27. “King Andrew”:How does this political cartoon summarize the impact of Jacksons presidency?

28. The Two Party System

29. Political Parties of the Age of Jackson Democrats Whigs • Favored local rule, limited government, free trade, equal economic opportunity (for white males). • Opposed monopolies, a national bank, high tariffs, high land prices • Southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban workers • Favored Clay’s American system • National bank, federal funding of internal improvements, a protective tariff • Opposed immortality, vice, and crime, which some blamed on immigrants • New Englanders and residents of mid-Atlantic and upper-Middle Western states

30. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren

31. Election of 1840