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Memory

Memory. Chapter 5 Psyc103 Jen Wright. announcements. Mid-semester evaluation – emailed link Exam extra credit MC/TF – Colin & Cosette will administer an “extra credit” (.5 pt/question) Research Essay – article write-up off ereserve Instructions will be posted on the website.

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Memory

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  1. Memory Chapter 5 Psyc103 Jen Wright

  2. announcements • Mid-semester evaluation – emailed link • Exam extra credit • MC/TF – Colin & Cosette will administer an “extra credit” (.5 pt/question) • Research Essay – article write-up off ereserve • Instructions will be posted on the website

  3. what is memory? • A) the ability to store information over long periods of time. • B) the ability to store information over short periods of time. • C) the ability to retrieve information. • D) A&B • E) all of the above

  4. three steps… • The first step of memory is…? • A) storage • B) retrieval • C) encoding • The second step of memory is…? • The third step of memory is…?

  5. Encoding • Encoding  Storage • Encoding  Storage  Retrieval

  6. memory: two views • Memory as a passive recording device • Just like a tape-recorder, video-camera, copy machine • Accurately and reliably records information from our environment. • Memory as an active process of construction (and re-construction) • Influenced by • prior knowledge. • future knowledge. • emotional experiences. • goals, interests, desires of rememberer. • Hmmm…what is this starting to sound like?

  7. encoding techniques • Visual imagery encoding • Storing information in a visual (pictorial) form • Remembering your shopping list by visualizing the objects you want to buy • Amplifies cognition • Models • Graphs

  8. encoding techniques • Elaborative encoding • Forming connections • Semantic • Categorical • Conceptual hierarchy • Other associative relationships

  9. elaborative coding rhyme meaning visual

  10. elaborative coding (cont’d) • Encoding influenced by many aspects of the coder him/herself • Historic connections (connections in time) • Emotional significance • Even (possibly) gender! • What encoding techniques do you use?

  11. reminders • Mid-semester evaluation • Exam “make-up” points • Instructions for points missed on research essay are posted on the website • Extra credit for points missed on MC/TF will be available starting next Monday • Research participation

  12. storage • When it comes to storage, what comes first? • A) sensory store • B) long-term memory (LTM) • C) short-term memory (STM) • What comes second? • What comes third? • Working memory typically refers to: • A) long-term memory • B) short-term memory

  13. storage • Sensory store working STM  LTM • Strategies for actively using WSTM • Rehearsal • Chunking What are some techniques you use?

  14. long term memory • Memory formation causes changes in hippocampus • Formation of new synaptic connections • Long-term potentiation • T/F: Strengthening of synaptic connections • T/F: Heightened activity in NMDA receptors

  15. types of long-term memory Which of these is the most important for the development of the “self”? 3+3=6 Context independent All kinds of things act as “primes” Context dependent Motor memory

  16. amnesia • Anterograde amnesia • A) No memory forward – problem with storage • B) No memory backward – problem with retrieval • Retrograde amnesia • A) No memory forward – problem with storage • B) No memory backward – problem with retrieval • Drug induced • Brain damage (hippocampus) • Semantic & episodic, but not procedural memory

  17. retrieval • Retrieval cues • Information associated with stored information that helps bring it to mind • Interestingly, trying to remember looks different from successfully remembering

  18. retrieval cues • Hints • Semantic association • Historic association • Emotional state association • Smells and sounds • Psychological/physical state association • State-dependent learning

  19. seven “sins” of memory • Transience • T/F: Forgetting things with the passing of time. • Switch from specific memory to general memory • “fill-in-the-blanks” • Gist memories • Gradual reconstruction (patch-work quilt) • Interference • Retroactive interference • Proactive interference

  20. absent-mindedness • Lapse in attention that results in memory failure. • Role of attention in memory formation • Divided attention • Lower frontal lobe activity • Division in allocated resources • Prospective memory • Memory aides

  21. persistence • T/F: Recollection of memories we cherish & don’t want to forget. • False! • Intrusive recollection of memories we wish we could forget • Flash-bulb memories Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

  22. suggestibility • The incorporation of misleading information into memory recollection. • Confabulation • Mere exposure

  23. bias • Distorting influences of present information to memory recollection. • Consistency bias • Change bias • Egocentric bias

  24. memory misattribution • Assigning memory/idea to the wrong source • Source memory • Late to develop • False recognition • Associative connections • Historical overlap • Serious implications: eyewitness testimony

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