Caroline Lynch & Jim Tulloch June 2014

1. Synthesis of current evidence on the multiple causes of malaria drug resistance Caroline Lynch& Jim Tulloch June 2014

2. Why do drugs stop working? What actions are potentially accelerating antimalarial resistance? Update on artemisinin resistance. Policy options. Overview

3. 1. Why do drugs stop working? • Accidents during • reproduction • Susceptible parasite • Parasite with mutations • Mutations • Hinders parasite • Helps parasite • No effect

4. Susceptible and resistant parasites • If parasites have a mutation which protects them from treatment they will survive. • Susceptible parasites are eliminated - the drug has ‘selected’ resistant parasites. • Treatment • Resistant parasites will produce gametocytes which can be transmitted to mosquito. • Drug selection for resistant parasites

5. Imagine a malaria-endemic village • Antimalarial treatment • Susceptible parasite • Resistant parasite • Drug pressure

6. A high proportion of the population with variable amounts of antimalarials in their bloodstream – how? • High malaria transmission • Too much treatment(overtreatment) • Too little treatment (undertreatment/ partial treatment). What could contribute to drug pressure?

7. 2. What actions are potentially accelerating antimalarial resistance? Why too little treatment?Supply side Supply side Why too much treatment? • Availability of monotherapy (direct selection) and substandard antimalarials • Partial treatment provided to patients • Treatmentwithout diagnosis Demand side • Patients seek treatment without diagnosis Demand side • Patients take partial treatment

8. Chloroquine resistance • Previously resistance emerged in GMS and spread. • High mobility in GMS • Increased ties with Africa • High potential for spread of AR Demographic factorsMigration • Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine resistance

9. Artemisinin resistance has been detected in all GMS countries. • GPARC and regional containment strategies in place. 3. Update on artemisinin resistance • In 2013; • Emergency Response to Artemisinin Resistance (ERAR). • Funds for artemisinin resistance containment. • Molecular marker (Kelch 13) identified.

10. 4. Policy options

11. Develop strong regional mechanisms for rapid response • Ban monotherapy and eliminate substandard antimalarials • Part of broader recommendation to improve regulatory capacity • Facilitate cross-border surveillance & multisectoral collaboration. • Establish agile and aggressive field team to support ERAR. • Ensure immediate implementation of primaquine policy. • Create flexible fund for specific, answerable questions around interim antimalarial dosing and treatment • Part of broader recommendation on funding for Operational Research

12. Ensure accountability & transparency • Track and respond to artemisinin resistance • Track : Immediately begin monitoring 1-2 artemisinin resistance indicators updated monthly by secretariat. • Respond: Where countries are not on track – taskforce identify bottlenecks and provide immediate support to countries to find solutions.

13. High level collective advocacy • Advocate to the DG/WHO for AR to be reviewed - Public Health Emergency of International Health. • All avenues of advocacy • Continue advocacy at regional level to ensure political support for technical frameworks for artemisinin resistance elimination • Part of broader recommendation for ongoing advocacy in support of malaria elimination

14. “A regional public health disaster which could have severe global consequences” (WHO, 2014)There is a window of opportunity if we act now