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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Issues in Policing. Challenges to traditional policing. Community policing Problem-oriented policing Zero-tolerance policing Broken windows theory and police problems. Challenges to traditional policing Community policing. Recalls the watchman style

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Issues in Policing

  2. Challenges to traditional policing • Community policing • Problem-oriented policing • Zero-tolerance policing • Broken windows theory and police problems

  3. Challenges to traditional policingCommunity policing • Recalls the watchman style • Attempts to harness community resources and residents in stopping crime and maintaining order • Covers a vast array of activities

  4. Challenges to traditional policingProblem-oriented policing • Related to community policing • Expands the officer's role from reaction to proactive problem solving. • Allows agencies to address crime on a more systemic level than traditional policing

  5. Challenges to traditional policingZero-tolerance policing • A refinement of problem-oriented policing • Based on the broken windows theory • If every infraction of the law is punished, offenders will not commit more serious offenses.

  6. Challenges to traditional policingBroken windows & police problems According to the broken windows theory, vandalism and criminal activity are more likely to occur in areas that appear abandoned or neglected.

  7. Challenges to traditional policingBroken windows & police problems Reasons to be cautious about broken windows theory … • Misreading of how communities were policed in the past • Concern for the rights of all citizens • Problem of crime displacement

  8. Gender and raceWomen & minorities as police officers • The number of female officers continues to increase. • Black officers can be found on nearly every US police force. • Black officers may experience double marginality.

  9. Police use of force • Physical force is considered legitimate only under the following circumstances …

  10. Police use of force • Self-defense • Specifically deputized persons against some specifically named persons • Police force

  11. Police use of forceSWAT teams The militarization of the police and the war-on-crime analogy are the most apparent in the Special Weapons and Tactics divisions of law enforcement agencies.

  12. Police use of forceProactive policing and force Sometimes the police structure situations to give crime an opportunity to occur.

  13. Police stress and burnout • Police and alcohol • Family problems and the police • Police and suicide • Dealing with the stress of policing

  14. Police stress and burnout

  15. Police stress and burnout

  16. CrossCurrents Stress and BurnoutSuicide by cop • Refers to suspects attempting to be killed by police officers. • The police officer is a victim of a purposeful act by the suspect. • “Police-assisted suicide”?

  17. Police stress and burnoutPolice and alcohol Stress and the police subculture may exert a powerful influence on drinking patterns.

  18. Police stress and burnoutPolice and alcohol • The subculture may socialize new officers into accepting a pattern of after-shift drinking. • Socialization in the police subculture establishes that drinking is not deviant. • Normalization of drinking may preclude treatment because "every one of my friends drinks."

  19. Police stress and burnoutPolice and alcohol Many public safety organizations have instituted drug and alcohol testing to ensure that police officers are capable of performing their jobs.

  20. Police stress and burnoutFamily problems & the police The individual police officer is not the only one affected by stress. Family members often experience stress, as well.

  21. Police stress and burnoutFamily problems & the police • Officers may appear withdrawn and disinterested in the family. • Family members may fear for an officer's safety. • Rotating shifts may cause hardships.

  22. Police stress and burnoutPolice and suicide Many studies have shown that law enforcement has one of the highest suicide rates of any occupation.

  23. CrossCurrents Stress and BurnoutAnother look at police suicide • Some studies show high rates of police suicide. • Robert Loo: There are problems with the way police suicide rates are calculated. • Compare officers to their demographic characteristics.

  24. Police stress and burnoutDealing with the stress of policing Arrigo and Garsky make three suggestions to reduce police stress… • Stress management and stress reduction techniques • Group process sessions • Police mentoring

  25. Police subculture and police corruption Policeman's working personality explains how police officers are drawn into a subculture that emphasizes a different set of values from those of mainstream society.

  26. Police subculture and police corruptionPoliceman's working personality Key elements • Symbolic assailant • Danger • Social isolation • Solidarity

  27. Policeman's working personalitySymbolic assailant Police officers are systematically trained and culturally reinforced to consider everyone a potential assailant until they determine that an individual poses no threat.

  28. Policeman's working personalityDanger Although death in the line of duty and serious physical injury are not frequent, the possibility of confrontation is always there.

  29. Policeman's working personalitySocial Isolation • Police officers may perceive an individual as a symbolic assailant, but the public sees the police officer as a symbolic authority figure. • Skolnick: social isolation causes many officers to limit their social interactions.

  30. Policeman's working personalitySolidarity • The combination of danger and social isolation creates a sense of solidarity in the police subculture. • “Us against them” mentality is possible.

  31. Questions • What is community policing? • What is problem-oriented policing? • What is broken-windows theory?

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