Russia & Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

1. Russia & Japan: Industrialization Outside the West AP World History

2. Similarities • Maintained economic and political independence during the West’s century of power • Prior experience of imitation • Knew that learning from outsiders could be profitable and need not destroy their native cultures • Improved their political effectiveness during the 17th & 18 centuries • Used the state to sponsor changes (in the West change was initiated by private businesses)

3. Similarities • Expansionist • Literacy increases • Not much reform or industrialization the first half of 19th century • Tensions between traditionalists and reformist intellectuals • Extensive railroad network created • New parliaments created • Imitated West but retained identity • Centralized authoritarian states

4. Similarities • Pre World War I Russia and Japan were NOT equal to the West • Rise contributed to the growing sense of competition between established western powers

5. Russia • Process of industrialization undercut social stability • Tsarist empire improved political effectiveness • Prior experience of imitating Byzantium • Alliances after 1815 • Decembrist Uprising (1825) • Loss in Crimean War (1853-56) convinces leaders to reform (socially and militarily) • Emancipation of the serfs (1861)

6. Russia • Lacked a middle class • Low technical standards in factories • Lacked a highly trained labor force • Business people were not assertive in challenging aristocratic power • Rise of intelligentsia (like Lenin) • Workers were more radical than in the west

7. Russia • Expansionist (Black Sea, East Asia, Balkans(?) • Duma (parliament) • Rich in natural resources • Russo-Japanese War (1905)

8. Japan • Process of industrialization maintained greater social cohesion • Tokugawa shogunate improved political effectiveness • Prior experience of imitating China (religion, written language, etc) • Shogunate weakens • Japan becomes more secular

9. Japan • Rejection of Chinese medicine and culture • Commodore Perry uses military pressure to force trade (1853) • Period of isolation ends • New emperor proclaimed (1868) Meiji Restoration • Political changes went deeper than in Russia • Abolished feudalism (1871)

10. Japan • Samurai issues • Modernized army, navy, government banks, etc. • Land reform motivated production, new fertilizers, & new equipment • Centralized imperial rule • Expansionist & imperialist (Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan) – fueled economic needs, growing industrial and military strength, and population pressure • Rise of the ziabatsu • Japanese government maintained closer supervision of industrialization than Russia

11. Japan • Incorporated business leaders into its governing structure • Resource poor • Industrialization changed Japan more profoundly than Russia • Universal education system introduced • Government initiative dominated manufacturing (transportation and military) • Economic growth and careful government policy allowed Japan to avoid western domination • Labor organization was repressed

12. Japan • Diet (parliament) • Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) • Western haircuts, hygiene, calendar, & metric system • Nationalism was built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, deference to rulers, and tensions from rapid change • Nationalism helped them avoid a revolution • Leaders encouraged national loyalty and devotion to the emperor • Japan’s surge promoted a fear in the West of a new yellow peril