The Age of Industrialization

1. The Age of Industrialization • 1. The Rise of Heavy Industry • 2. Railroading • 3. Invention and Technology • 4. The “Robber Barons” • 5. Organized Labor

2. Pittsburgh at night

3. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry

4. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production

5. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material

6. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material • 3. Technology

7. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material • 3. Technology • 4. New methods of Organization

8. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material • 3. Technology • 4. New methods of Organization • 5. New Sources of Power

9. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material • 3. Technology • 4. New methods of Organization • 5. New Sources of Power • 6. Transportation improvements

10. Reasons for the rise of heavy industry • 1. New Articles of Production • 2. New Purchasers of Material • 3. Technology • 4. New methods of Organization • 5. New Sources of Power • 6. Transportation improvements • 7. Improved Communications

11. The Rise of the Railroads

12. The Transcontinental Railroad1869

13. The Transcontinental Railroad1869 • Union Pacific- East to West

14. The Transcontinental Railroad1869 • Union Pacific- East to West • Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?

15. The Transcontinental Railroad1869 • Union Pacific- East to West • Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? • Had to go through Rocky Mountains!

16. The Transcontinental Railroad1869 • Union Pacific- East to West • Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why? • Had to go through Rocky Mountains! • Met at Prometory Point, Utah, May 1869

17. Jay Gould

18. Cornelius Vanderbilt

19. John D. Rockefeller

20. J. Pierpont Morgan

21. Andrew Carnegie • Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.

22. Andrew Carnegie • Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. • Worked in a textile mill

23. Andrew Carnegie • Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. • Worked in a textile mill • Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.

24. Andrew Carnegie • Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. • Worked in a textile mill • Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. • Moved into steel industry

25. Andrew Carnegie • Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland. • Worked in a textile mill • Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself. • Moved into steel industry • First to use the “Bessemer Process”

26. Carnegie and Philanthropy • The Gospel of Wealth (1889)

27. Carnegie and Philanthropy • The Gospel of Wealth (1889) • Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism

28. Carnegie and Philanthropy • The Gospel of Wealth (1889) • Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism • Concerned about proper uses of wealth

29. Carnegie and Philanthropy • The Gospel of Wealth (1889) • Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism • Concerned about proper uses of wealth • Best method is to distribute it while alive!

30. Horatio Alger • Wrote “rags to riches” novels about young men who persevered and rose up from poverty.

31. Horatio Alger

32. Distribution of Wealth

33. Distribution of Wealth • 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth

34. Distribution of Wealth • 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth • The richest 10 % owned 3/4!

35. Distribution of Wealth • 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth • The richest 10 % owned 3/4! • But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age.

36. Distribution of Wealth • 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth • The richest 10 % owned 3/4! • But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age. • Real wages did increase in manufacturing and other industries during period.

37. Problems of Industrialization

38. Poor Working Conditions

39. Slum Housing

40. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed • Language barrier

41. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed • Language barrier • Temporary nature of the work

42. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed • Language barrier • Temporary nature of the work • No “safety net.”

43. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed • Language barrier • Temporary nature of the work • No “safety net.” • Management reluctance to recognize.

44. Why Labor Unions failed to succeed • Language barrier • Temporary nature of the work • No “safety net.” • Management reluctance to recognize. • Government siding with management.

45. Early Labor Unions • Knights of Labor- Terrence Powderly • Cooperative labor where workers would own the means of production. • 8 hour work day • Open to all producers- regardless of gender, color, or skill level.

46. Early Labor Unions • American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers • Skilled laborers only (craft unions) • Interested in “bread and butter” issues like shorter hours, better pay. • Women were excluded.

47. Early Labor Unions • International Lady Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)- first labor union exclusively for female workers. • However, most leadership positions were taken by males.

48. Why Labor Unions Failed

49. Why Labor Unions Failed • Management desire to kill unions.

50. Why Labor Unions Failed • Management desire to kill unions. • Violence against union membership.