1. Cell theory… • Cells come from other cells • All things are made of cells • Named by Robert Hooke when he observed cells in cork oak • Monk’s cells in monastery

2. Hooke’s microscope – late 17th century  Eye piece Light source 

3. LT#1 Structure & Fxn of Plasma (cell) Membrane • The plasma membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside • It is made up of phospholipids • Phospholipids are fats with a phosphate group attached • Fats alone are hydrophobic • The phosphate groups are hydrophilic

4. Glycocalyx – glycoprotein / glycolipid / glycocarb = area adjoining the cell that provides specific bio markers that allow cells to recognize each other

5. LT#1 The molecules involved with the Fluid Mosaic Model of the plasma membrane. • The fluid mosaic model is a double bilayer of lipids imbedded with dispersed proteins • The bilayer consists of: • Phospholipids: polar heads, nonpolar tails • Cholesterol: steroid • Glycolipids: lipids bound with carbohydrate

6. LT#2 & #3 Structure & Fxn of Nucleus; Role of DNA • The nucleus consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and proteins • It contains the genetic library w/blueprints for proteins (DNA) • It dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be made • We have 46 chromosomes: 23 from mom and 23 from dad

7. LT#2 & #4 The role of ribosomes & 3 RNAs. • Fxn of nucleolus = site of ribosome prodxn • Transcription = synthesis of RNA under the direction of DNA • mRNA carries information from DNA to ribosomes • Ribosomes are made from proteins and rRNA, which come together to form • tRNA (a molecular machine ) that can read and translate the information they carry into proteins.

8. LTs #4-#8 • See Chart

9. LT#9 Describe transport across the plasma membrane. Passive transport; diffusion; random nature of diffusion; concentration gradient • Passive transport requires no E (ATP) • E.g. Diffusion of nonpolar & lipid soluble substances • Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer • Diffuse through channel proteins • Random because it can go either way • Concentration gradient – a difference in concentration between 2 points (cell membrane)

10. LT#9 What is osmosis? Be sure you can differentiate between a hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic situation! Essay! • Osmosis is the diffusion o f water across a semipermeable membrane • Hypertonic – solutions with [solute] > cytosol • Hypotonic – solutions with [solute] < cytosol • Isotonic – solutions with same [solute] as cytosol

11. LT#9 If you add distilled water to blood, what will happen to red blood cells relative to the 3 states? • If you add distilled water to blood the RBC would burst because RBC contain 0.7% salt so distilled water is a hypertonic solution (to the cell) and water diffuses into the cell  POP! (lyse)

12. LT#9 What is the difference between active and passive transport? • Active transport requires ATP • Passive transport does not require E (ATP)