190 likes | 194 Views
Joints. Chapter 7 Bio160. Types of Joints. Fibrous – Sutures between skull bones, between teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula. Cartilaginous – Epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic symphysis. Types of Synovial Joints.
E N D
Joints Chapter 7 Bio160
Types of Joints Fibrous – Sutures between skull bones, between teeth and jaw and between radius and ulna and tibia and fibula Cartilaginous – Epiphyseal plate, costal cartilage, between vertebrae and pubic symphysis
Types of Synovial Joints • Gliding – intercarpal and intertarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal • Hinge – knee, elbow, ankle and interphalangeal • Pivot – atlanto-axial, radioulnar • Condyloid – wrist and metacarpophalangeal (2-5)
Types of Synovial Joints • Saddle – carpometacarpal in thumb • Ball and Socket – shoulder and hip
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints • Flexion and Extension • Rotation • Abduction and Adduction • Inversion and Eversion • Elevation and Depression • Supination and Pronation • Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Muscle Tissue Chapter8 Bio160
Connective Tissue Components • Entire muscle is wrapped in fibrous connective tissue which is continuous with tendons that insert skeletal muscle into bone • This outer connective tissue of muscle can also be called deep fascia (sheet of fibrous connective tissue) as compared to superficial fascia also known as subcutaneous tissue
Connective Tissue Components • Connective tissue holds muscle together as well as serving to transmit blood vessels and nerves to inner muscle cells • Connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle Epimysium - outside of entire muscle Perimysium - divides muscle cells into fascicles (bundles) Endomysium - covers individual muscle cells
Histology • Large → Small: fascicle → fiber → fibril → filament • Muscle consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers Sarco = fleshy • Sarcolemma - cell membrane
Histology • Transverse (T) tubule - tubular invagination of sarcolemma that surrounds each myofibril • Sarcoplasm – cytoplasm • Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) - smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores Ca2+, has enlarged portions called cisternae that surround the transverse tubules
Histology • Myofibrils – cross section of muscle cell consists of small cylinders called myofibrils which may number several 100 to several 1000/cell (exercise increases myofibril production; lack of exercise decreases myofibrils (atrophy)) Each myofibril consists of myofilaments (protein)
Histology • thick myofilaments = myosin • thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin
Histology • thick myofilaments = myosin • thin myofilaments = actin, troponin, tropomyosin Each myofibril is surrounded by SR
Histology • Sarcomere - myofilaments don't extend entire length of muscle fiber; they are stacked into compartments called sarcomeres Sarcomeres are the functional unit of a skeletal muscle (contractile unit) Myofilament arrangement in sarcomeres results in alternating pattern of light and dark staining bands
Histology (6) Parts of sarcomere • A band - myosin + overlapping actin, dark staining band • I band - only actin, troponin, tropomyosin (2 I bands / sarcomere), light staining band • Z disc – through center of I band