7 .13 Joints

1. 7.13 Joints 3rd hr. Noor Hassouneh Rim Ali Fankah Mattit

2. Objectives Content Objectives: Students will demonstrate the understanding of types of joints and its classifications. Language Objectives: Students will be able to comprehend the purpose of joints to the best of their abilities by showing diagrams and where these types of joints are present all over the body.

3. Joints • Joints are functional junctions between bones. • Bind parts of the skeletal system • Make possible bone growth • Change shape during childbirth • Let body move due to muscle contractions • Movement of Joints • Synarthrotic- ( Movable) • Amphiarthrotic -( Slight movement) • Diarthrotic- ( Freely movable) • Joints are classified by type of tissue that binds it to the bone; synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous. • Fun Fact: 230 joints in the human body!

4. Fibrous Joints • Fibrous joints lie in between bones that are close with each other. • Fibrous joints are connected by dense connective tissue consisting mainly of collagen. • Synarthrotic because there is no movement in the joints • Three types of Fibrous joints • Syndesmoses: Found between long bones of the body • Gomphosis: Found at the articulation between teeth and the sockets of the maxilla. • Sutures: Found in the skull

5. Identify the type of Fibrous Joint

6. Answers A.) Sutures B.) Syndesmosis C.) Gomphosis

7. Cartilaginous Joints • Cartilaginous joints are two or more joints connected by cartilage. • Connected by fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. • Amphiarthrotic because the movement is slight, more than fibrous joints and less than synovial joints. • This type of joint also forms the growth regions of immature long bones and the intervertebral discs of the spinal column. • A temporary form of joint called an epiphyseal (growth) plate, is one where the cartilage is converted into bone before adult life • Two types of Cartilaginous Joints • Synchondrosis- The epiphyseal (growth) plates are examples of synchondroses. • Symphysis- Symphysis are found between the manubrium and sternum (manubriosternal joint), intervertebral discs, and the pubic symphysis.

8. A.) Synchondrosis B.) Symphysis

9. Synovial Joints • Synovial Joints: Most joints that are present in the skeletal system which permits free movement (diarthrotic). • They are different based on structure compared to fibrous and cartilaginous joints • These joints function as occupying a joints cavity that consists of a synovial fluid.

10. Structures of the three joints As you can tell, the structure of the synovial joint is more complex compared to the fibrous and cartilaginous joints.

11. Synovial Joints structure Cont • The articular ends of the bones are connected by the hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage) and surrounded by dense connective tissue. • Hyaline cartilage looks somewhat like white glass • Joint capsule of the dense connective tissue is comprised of an external layer of ligaments and internal lining of synovial membrane • This membrane secretes synovial fluid.

13. Question! • Based on your observation, What cavity contains the Synovial Fluid? • Elliptical Cavity • Abdominal Cavity • Joint cavity

14. Synovial Fluid • Synovial Fluid consists of two main functions • To aid in the nutrition of articular cartilage • Provides lubrication for joints to move • Synovial fluid is made from plasma and contains proteins that is obtained from blood plasma. • Proteins are produced by cells within the joint tissues.

15. Question! • What is the name of the membrane and what does it secrete?

16. Answer: Synovial membrane; Synovial fluid

17. Relationship between egg whites and Synovial Fluid • Synovial: • Syn (like) + Ovia (egg) • ‘’Joint fluid”

18. Synovial Joints Cont • Menisci: Synovial joints that consist of flat, shock absorbing pads of thin fibrocartilage between the surfaces of some joints • Ex: knee • Bursae: joints that consist of a saclike cavity especially one experiencing friction at a joint • Bursae usually lines with the synovial membrane and is found between tendons as in the patella of a knee

20. Classification of Synovial Joints • A ball-and-socket joint is comprised of a bone with spherical or globe shaped that forms a joint with a cup shaped cavity of another bone. • This joint permits a vast range of movement than any other kind. • Such as movements in all planes and a turning movement around an axis. • Ex: shoulder and hip have joints of this type

21. Classification of Synovial joints cont • Condyloid Joint/Ellipsoidal Joint: oval shaped condyle of one bone easily fits into the elliptical cavity of the desired bone • Ex: metacarpals, phalanges, etc • It is impossible for their to be a rotational movement

22. Classification of Joints cont. • Gliding Joints/Plane Joints: flat or moderately curved and permit sliding joints. • Gliding joints as flat bones move in a gliding action that is limited by ligaments

23. Question!! What types of movements are present in plane joints? • Sliding • Twisting • Gliding • All of the above

24. Hinge Joint: • Hinge Joint: the surface (convex) of one bone that fits into another surface (concave) of a bone • Ex: joints of phalanges, elbow, ankles

25. Question! What type of cavity is present in the Condyloid joint? • Metacarpals • Phalanx • Elliptical

26. Pivot Joint • Pivot Joint: Shape of surface is classified as a cylinder of one bone turning within a ring made of ligaments. • Motion is limited to the rotation surrounding the axis.

27. Classification of Joints cont • Saddle Joint: forms between bones whose surfaces include concave and convex areas. • Permits lots of movements between the carpal and metacarpal bones of the thumb

28. Question! Fill in the blank: • Pivot joints: shape of surface is classified as a cylinder of one bone turning within a ring made of ______________ • Metacarpals • Tendons • Ligaments

29. Skeletal structure of joints present in the body • Pivot • Hinge • Gliding • Condyloid • Saddle • Ball and Socket

30. Types of Joint Movements • Flexion: Bending parts the joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together. • Extension: Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart. • Dorsiflexion: Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin. • Plantar Flexion: Movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin. • Hyperextension: Extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position ( bending head back beyond the upright position).

32. Type of Joint Movement cont. • Abduction: Moving a part away from the midline • Adduction: Moving a part toward the midline • Rotation: Moving a part around an axis (twisting head side to side) • Circumduction: Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path • Pronation: Turning the hand so that the palm is downward or facing posteriorly • Supination: Turning the hand so that the palm is upward or facing the anteriorly • Eversion: Turning the foot so the plantar surfaces laterally • Inversion: Turning the foot so the plantar surfaces medially • Retraction: Moving a part backward • Protraction: Moving a part forward • Elevation: Raising a part • Depression: Lowering a part

34. Exit ticket!!! • Based on what you have been taught, list 2 things you learned.

35. Sources • Source: Boundless. “Fibrous Joints.” Boundless Anatomy and Physiology. Boundless, 10 Oct. 2016. Retrieved 03 Dec. 2016 from https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/joints-8/fibrous-joints-1372/fibrous-joints-509-5583/ • http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/joints.php • https://www.boundless.com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/the-musculoskeletal-system-38/joints-and-skeletal-movement-217/types-of-synovial-joints-822-12066/images/fig-ch38_03_04/ • http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bursitis/multimedia/bursitis-of-the-hip/img-20007193