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The Cold War

The Cold War. Origins of the Cold War. 1945- A Critical Year. US and Soviet Union were Allies as a temporary arrangement during WWII.

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War Origins of the Cold War

  2. 1945- A Critical Year • US and Soviet Union were Allies as a temporary arrangement during WWII. • At the Yalta Conference- Feb. 1945: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met to discuss the arrangements of Germany and Poland Post WWII including free elections. • Churchill and FDR rejected Stalin’s demand that Germany pay 10 billion in war damages • Disputes over Poland caused stress on US & Soviet relations

  3. The United Nations • The United Nations was a new international peacekeeping organization. • League of Nations failed because the United States refused to join • UN stated they were going to try and stop wars from starting, end the ones that broke out, and settle differences peacefully • Members included; US, SU, GB, China, and France

  4. Truman takes Command • FDR passed away in April 1945, VP Harry Truman took over as president • Truman met with Stalin at the Potsdam Conference-July 1945. Occupation Zones were determined post WWII and Truman mentioned the new Atom Bomb that had just been tested in New Mexico, which instilled fear in Stalin.

  5. Postwar Goals • US fought to bring democracy and economic opportunity to the conquered nations of Europe • Soviet Union wanted to rebuild after loosing a tremendous amount of people.

  6. Soviets Tighten Hold • Satellite Nations- countries subject to Soviet domination on their borders. • Soviets took over Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and East Germany. • Stalin installed communist governments in all nations while he slowly took power.

  7. IRON CURTAIN • Winston Churchill gave an “Iron Curtain” Speech. • An Iron Curtain laid across the continent dividing communism from capitalism and if nothing was done communism would take over all of Europe. American was called on to help • Stalin’s speech and Churchill’s speech set tone for the COLD WAR

  8. COLD WAR • Cold War- competition that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union for world power. • Lasted for over forty years until1991 the collapse of the Soviet Union. • Rivalry stopped just short of a hot war between the two nations.

  9. Containment • American policy for resisting further expansion of communism around the world (George Keenan, American Diplomat)

  10. The Truman Doctrine • A declaration by president Truman that the United States would support nations that were being threatened by communism. • The Truman doctrine is a policy of containment which gave the US power and dominance

  11. Marshall Plan • Secretary of state George Marshall created this plan which called for all European nations to draw up a program of economic recovery from the war and the US would then support the program with financial aid. • The plan would help European economic recovery and create strong democracies while opening new markets for American goods. • Soviet Union refused to participate • Marshall Plan was the turning point in the war!!! • Marshall Plan – European Recovery Program

  12. Molotov Plan • 1949 Soviet Union plan of economic aide to Eastern Europe. Established a new organization COMECON- Council for Mutual Economics Assistance • Named after Soviet Union foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov

  13. Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift • Stalin was not going to allow the reunification of West Germany, so western allies prepared to merge • Soviets created East Germany • West=capitalists East= Communist • Stalin cut off supplies with a BLOCKADE which created severe shortages of food and supplies for 2.5 million people • Berlin Airlift- Truman moved supplies into West Berlin for 15 months by plane and soviets finally gave up blockade • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jqHqsYiUEwY&feature=related

  14. NATO • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-association of the democratic peace-loving states and “an armed attack against one or more of the nations, shall be considered an attack against them all. • Canadian Foreign Minister St. Louis St. Laurent • Countries include; United States, Canada, Belgium, Britain, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal • Collective security- principal of mutual military assistance

  15. Warsaw Pact • Soviet Union responded to NATO and created the Warsaw Pact- a military alliance with satellite nations in Eastern Europe

  16. Communist Advances • Truman announced that “we have evidence that within recent weeks an atomic explosion occurred in the USSR.” • This was scary for the American people they could not imagine the thought of Hiroshima or Nagasaki on American soil. • Americans started to make advances in nuclear weapons (hydrogen bomb) which was many times more destructible than the atomic bomb • 1952 hydrogen bomb tested and declared US the worlds leading nuclear power • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkvfcAlujZ0 • People were planning how to survive a nuclear attack! (bomb shelters) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0K_LZDXp0I

  17. Bomb Shelter

  18. The struggle in China • China fell to communism under leadership of Mao Zedong • Chiang Kai-shek- Leader of Chinese government and the Nationalists • Mao Zedong- Communist leader in China who overthrew their government • 1949- US did not aid and China’s capital, Beijing, fell to communist. • Chiang and followers withdrew to a small island of China’s mainland, Taiwan and continued practicing democracy as the Republic of China. • (There was a fear of China and the SU becoming allies)

  19. The Cold War at Home • A new Red Scare- many people had joined the communist party but with increasing distrust in Stalin many people quit • People who had been remotely involved in a communist party were swept up in the wave of persecution • Loyalty Program-Truman headed this program so that all employees hired by the federal government were to be investigated with suspicion of overthrowing the government

  20. HUAC • House Un-American Activities Committee- investigate disloyalty of Communist infiltration of government agencies and the Hollywood movie industry b/c movies had strong influence of the public • Hollywood ten- actors, writers, directors, and producers cited for contempt of congress and were blacklisted where other employers would not hire them.

  21. McCarran-Walter Act • Congress passed 1952 McCarran-Walter Act- which discriminated against potential immigrants from Asia, Southern and central Europe. • The President vetoed the bill- stated “one of the most Un- American acts he had ever witnessed”

  22. Spies • A real communist threat in the United States • Alger Hiss- high ranking government official convicted of perjury for lying in slander case. • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - (a married couple) were members of the communist party were accused of passing atomic secrets to the soviets. They were convicted of espionage and executed in 1953.

  23. Korean War • South Korea- had a pro-American government formed (US occupied) • North Korea- had a Communist regime (USSR occupied) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fnnqTAsS48&feature=related • In June 1950 the Korean War broke out when North Korean troops streamed across the 38th parallel- latitude line dividing the two nations • North Korea was aiming at unification by force

  24. Douglas MacArthur • Anti-communist general chosen to lead UN forces in Korea by Truman • MacArthur helped establish Japan’s new democratic constitution • Successful in implementing democracy in South Korea • Disliked by politicians but loved by the public and military!

  25. The Cold War 1950’s • 1953 Eisenhower became president succeeding Truman • Eisenhower had kept his promise to bring the Korean War to an end and the sudden death of Stalin helped the war come to an end in March of 1953. • In Southeast Asia a conflict developed in Vietnam (French Colony in SouthEast Asia that had fallen to Japan during WWII) • Ho Chi Minh, head of Vietnamese Communist Party declared Vietnam’s Independence after Japan fell in 1945. • France rejected Vietnam’s independence and an ugly war began to unfold

  26. Domino theory • Domino Theory is a belief by Eisenhower which held that if any one country fell to communists, its neighbors soon would follow (like a row of dominos). • By 1954 US was providing aid to help with the war

  27. Vietnam Divided • Just like Korea, Vietnam was divided into communist North and Anti Communist south. • The US provided aid to South Vietnam but resisted any greater involvement

  28. The Middle East • 1930’s anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced Jews to seek safety in Palestine. • Arab and Jewish conflict turned to the United nations for the creation for a Jewish state called Israel (1948).

  29. The Middle East Continued • The Suez crisis- Egypt ruler, Nasser, sought soviet support, US and Britain cut off their aid. • Nasser seized the British owned Suez canal, a vital waterway for oil to reach Europe • Eisenhower Doctrine- the US would use force to safeguard the independence of any country or group of countries in the Middle East requesting aid against Communist-inspired aggression

  30. Latin America • US exercised power in Central and Latin America • After WWII US feared spread of Communism to Latin American Countries • Rio Pact- regional defense alliance between 18 countries in Latin America • OAS- Organization of American States which increased cooperation with states in the Western Hemisphere • Crisis began when Fidel Castro overthrew the Cuban Dictator in 1958. US did not support Castro because his movement was infiltrated by Communism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KL4cb0zuoFg • Castro seized Cuba (American property), US cut off all aid and supplies, and Castro turned to the Soviet Union for aid.

  31. The Arms Race • Arms Race- The struggle to gain weapon superiority • Whenever one side would seem to be gaining the upper hand in the cold war the other would respond with new programs and policies • The growth of Nuclear Arsenals was increasing in US and Soviet Union. • 1953 US exploded their first thermonuclear device and at the same time the Soviet Union successfully tested a hydrogen device of its own. • Between 1954 and 1958 US conducted 19 hydrogen bomb tests at Bikini Island in the Pacific • This explosion was 750 times more explosive than the atomic bomb

  32. Brinkmanship • Brinkmanship- is the policy of risking war to protect the nations interests (Russian roulette with the life of our nation) • MAD- Mutual Assured Destruction- combination of deterrence and willingness to use nuclear weapons, may have helped prevent the cold war from turning hot. • Soviet Union used ICBM’s (Intercontinental Ballistic missiles)- long range rockets as their delivery system • US lagged behind soviet Union in Missile development

  33. Sputnik • First artificial satellite to orbit Earth launched by the Soviets. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbAXkWPasYw • This scared Americans • US tried to launch a satellite and it came tumbling down • U-2 incident- shooting down of American Spy plane by the soviet’s with a guided missile

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