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Active and Passive Voice

Active and Passive Voice. Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 5a. Characteristics of Verbs. Verbs have five basic characteristics Person Number Tense Voice Mood. Voice. Voice indicates whether the subject is doing or is receiving the action of the verb

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Active and Passive Voice

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  1. Active and Passive Voice Latin II Grammar Review: Lesson 5a

  2. Characteristics of Verbs • Verbs have five basic characteristics • Person • Number • Tense • Voice • Mood

  3. Voice • Voice indicates whether the subject is doing or is receiving the action of the verb • Active voice reflects a subject that is doing the action • Passive voice reflects a subject that is receiving the action

  4. Active Voice Examples: • The dog is biting the man. • Subject is dog • The dog is doing “the biting” • The player kicked the ball. • Subject is player • The player is doing “the kicking”

  5. Passive Voice Examples: • The man is bitten by the dog. • Subject is man • The man is receiving “the biting” • The ball is kicked by the player. • Subject is ball • The ball is receiving “the kicking”

  6. Formula for the Present System • Active and Passive voices use the same basic formula for the present system • Present Stem + Tense Sign + Pers. Ending • Present Stem formed by removing the “-re” or “-ere” from the 2nd P.P.

  7. Active Personal Endings Singular • -o/m (I) • -s (you) • -t (he, she, it) Plural • -mus (we) • -tis (y’all) • -nt (they)

  8. Passive Personal Endings Singular • -r (I) • -ris (you) • -tur (he, she, it) Plural • -mur (we) • -mini (y’all) • -ntur (they)

  9. Translating the Passive Voice • Passive Voice translations must contain two elements: • Form of the verb “to be” as an English helping verb • The “past” tense form of the English verb

  10. Translating the Passive Voice Active Passive Present: I am fighting I amfought Imperfect: I was loving I was loved Future: I will save I will be saved Perfect: I have created I have been created Pluperfect: I had carried I had been carried Future Perfect: I will have found I will have beenfound

  11. Present Passive Tense • amo, amāre • Stem = amā • Pres Stem + P.E. amoramāmur amārisamāmini amāturamāntur English Translation • English Helping Verbs: “am, is, are” + -ed form • I amloved • you areloved • he isloved • we areloved • y’all areloved • they areloved

  12. Imperfect Passive Tense • habeo, habēre • Stem = habē • Pres Stem + ba + P.E. habēbarhabēbamur habēbarishabēbamini habēbaturhabēbantur English Translation • English Helping Verbs: “was/were” + -ed form • I was held • you were held • she was held • we were held • y’all were held • they were held

  13. Future Passive Tense • porto, portāre • Stem = portā • Pres. Stem + bo/bi/bu + P.E. portāborportābimur portāberisportābimini portābiturportābuntur English Translation • English Helping Verbs: “shall/will” + -ed form • I shall be carried • you will be carried • it will be carried • we shall be carried • y’all will be carried • they will be carried

  14. Future Passive Tense • duco, ducere • Stem = duc • Pres Stem + a/e + P.E. ducarducemur ducerisducemini duceturducentur English Translation • English Helping Verbs: “shall/will” + -ed form • I shall be led • you will be led • he will be led • we shall be led • y’all will be led • they will be led

  15. Review of Terms • 1st P.P: 1st person singular, present tense • 2nd P.P. present infinitive; present stem • 3rd P.P. 1st person singular, perfect tense; perfect active stem • 4th P.P. perfect passive participle

  16. Perfect Passive System Formulae Perfect Passive verbs are two word forms Formulae: • Present Perfect Passive: 4th P.P. and sum • Pluperfect Passive: 4th P.P. and eram • Future Perfect Passive: 4th P.P. and ero

  17. amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um 4th P.P. and sum amatus sum amatisumus amatusesamatiestis amatusestamatisunt English Translation English Helping Verbs: “has/have been” + -ed I have beenloved you have beenloved he has beenloved we have beenloved y’all have beenloved they have beenloved Perfect Passive Tense

  18. duco, ducere, duxi, ductus – a, um 4th P.P. and eram ductaeramductaeeramus ducta eras ductaeeratis ductaeratductaeerant English Translation English Helping Verbs: “had been” + -ed I had beenled you had beenled she had beenled we had beenled y’all had beenled they had beenled Pluperfect Passive Tense

  19. facio, facere, feci, factus – a, um 4th P.P. and ero factum erofactaerimus factum erisfactaeritis factum eritfactaerunt English Translation English Helping Verbs: “will have been” + -ed I will have beendone you will have beendone it will have beendone we will have beendone y’all will have beendone they will have beendone Future Perfect Passive Tense

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