HIS 106 Chapter 28

1. HIS 106Chapter 28 India, Islamic Heartlands, & Africa

2. Europeans spread their culture • They took colonies and made radical changes to the land and people they took • Direct rule: the conqueror is the ruler, no middleman • Indirect rule: uses a middleman • Those being conquered fought back but lost • European weapons were far superior

3. Natives used other ways to fight back • Nationalism – the belief that those who share a common background, history, ethnic group should have their own nation-state • It was aimed at the colonizers

4. Before the 20th century, religion, a tribe, or a monarch held traditional societies together • Then nationalism began to take hold and unite people against their colonizers • Political movements of the early 20th century were dedicated to the overthrow of colonial rule

5. Modern nationalism was a reaction against colonialism – started by the educated elite and then spread to the masses

6. Initially, those who rebelled were trying to defend some tradition, ex: Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 • The Sepoys were native Indian troops hired by the British East India Company to protect British interests in India • They were asked to use a muzzle loader rifle that used paper cartridges covered with animal fat and lard

7. The cartridge had to be bitten off and that broke the rules of Hinduism and Islam • The Sepoys’ protests became a full-fledged mutiny • They had no larger goals at this early date, and the mutiny was put down by the British • It was a bloody conflict

8. The first resistance to the West in Asia and Africa failed because they weren’t organized and had no real goals • The second phase of resistance was led by the better educated members of the middle class, many of whom had been schooled in the West like Mohandas Gandhi who led a non-violent resistance movement against the British in India

9. Many of these native intellectuals/leaders eventually blended their traditions with Western ideas to gain independence • The true push for independence in many of the colonies came in the 1930s • They just had to figure out the best way to get rid of their colonizers

10. India • In the early 19th century, religion gave most Indians their identity • By the end of the 19th century, Indians were focusing on themselves as a people, a nation, and Britain was their enemy • These early nationalists first wanted reform, not revolution

11. They realized that India needed to modernize first, or it would never survive as a nation • This was the view of GopalGokhale, a moderate nationalist, and India did get some self-government from the British as a result

12. Other Indian nationalists, with the help of some British, formed the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 • They hoped to speak for all of India • They did not demand immediate independence • They accepted the need to change some of their traditions like sati and child marriage • They wanted a say in governing India

13. The British gave them a few concessions • Both Hindus and Muslims belonged to the INC, and they didn’t always agree on what was best for India • In to this came Mohandas Gandhi • born in 1869 • son of a government minister • studied in London to be a lawyer

14. went to South Africa in 1893 to defend Indian emigres working there • became aware of racial prejudice there and tried to change attitudes and laws with his non-violent movement • returned to India in 1913, began helping the poor and became involved in the Indian independence movement • Gandhi and his followers spoke out against the British – non-violently

15. asked Indians to disobey British rules • tried to set up small industry in Indian villages, so Indians would not be as dependent on the British, ex.: Cloth industry • worked toward Indian self-sufficiency People in India and in other areas of the world revered Gandhi and Indians gave him the name, Mahatma meaning “great soul”

16. Gandhi’s work continued • called for mass protests and civil disobedience • Amritsar – Indians gathered here in 1919 for a religious festival, but they talked politics; gatherings were forbidden and the British opened fire killing hundreds; Gandhi arrested for his influence • the British got a lot of bad press whenever they attacked non-violent Indians

17. Even from jail, Gandhi asked Indians to join in non-cooperation • refuse to work for the British • refuse to pay taxes • refuse to use British products • refuse to associate with the British

18. There were other campaigns for civil disobedience • 1930-1932 – campaign against the British salt tax and their monopoly on Indian salt; Gandhi and 200 followers marched to the sea and picked up lumps of salt as a symbolic gesture of taking back what was truly theirs • 1940-1943 – campaign against fighting in World War II as British subjects

19. The bad press the British kept getting when they stood up to the Indians forced them to give concessions: • Government of India Act, 1921 – gave Indians a larger role in governing with a bicameral parliament – 2/3 elected, local councils, and 5 million could vote

20. Two prominent Indians working for independence were: • Motilal Nehru – INC member who pushed aggressively for independence • Jawaharlal Nehru – son of Motilal who also worked to oust the British; schooled in Britain and was an upper-class Brahman; tried to work with Gandhi for independence but there were problems

21. There were so many problems between Muslims and Hindus that Muslims called for their own state of Pakistan • British presence in India seemed to prevent civil war • By the 1940s, many started to believe that non-violence and civil disobedience would not rid India of the British

22. Finally, the British granted independence to India on 15 August 1947 only if there were a Muslim state and a Hindu state -- divide up India • Gandhi was against this; he still believed everyone could get along • But East Pakistan and West Pakistan were created for Muslims out of India

23. What remained of India was for Hindus • In January 1948, Gandhi was killed by an extremist Hindu who felt Gandhi was in the way by still talking of a united India

24. Ottomans • Ottoman Empire had weakened because it had: • A series of weak Sultans • ministers, religious experts, and Janissaries competing for power • landowners who cheated the Sultan out of the taxes owed; they took taxes paid by peasants for themselves

25. Christian and Jewish merchants were dealing with Europeans more and more • European goods were flooding the market hurting home industries • more money was being paid to Europeans than Ottoman merchants, and that meant less money in the Sultan’s treasury • no money to update the military or to get new weapons

26. That made it easier for other countries to take Ottoman lands, ex.: Russians and Habsburgs • What money there was was spent by the Sultan on luxuries • The Ottomans did survive until 1919 • the British helped to prop them up • some reforms were attempted

27. Selim III (r. 1789-1807) • had a reform program to improve government efficiency and to build a new army and navy • his reforms angered the military, especially the Janissaries • Selim lost his throne and his life in a coup in 1807

28. Mahmud II • came in later in the 19th century • built up his own army before he began his reforms • when the janissaries revolted, they were defeated by Mahmud’s private army • then he set up a diplomatic corps and exchanged ambassadors with European nations • he westernized the army and navy using Europeans to train them

29. Between 1839 and 1876, he enacted the rest of his reforms known as the Tanzimat Reforms • Set up western university education • Trained students in Western math and sciences • Set up a telegraph in 1830s • Built railroad in 1860s • Allowed for newspapers and legal reforms in 1876, based on the European model

30. Not everyone liked these Westernizing reforms • Artisans objected to a trade treaty with Britain that removed import taxes from British goods • Trade was more open and unprotected • Women got nothing from the Tanzimat Reforms • There was talk about ending seclusion and veiling • In the end, these reforms were not made

31. Abdul Hamid, (r. 1878-1908) • nullified many of the reforms already made including the constitution, civil liberties, and freedom of the press • he kept the telegraph, railroads, and Western education • he had dissidents tortured and killed • he was removed from the throne by Western-educated dissidents and the military

32. Military officers then came to power in 1908 • restored the constitution • restored freedom of the press • promised education reforms and reforms for women Factional fighting and World War I kept these promises from being fulfilled. There were also rebellions in their African teritories

33. It would not be until the 1920s with Mustafa Kemal that things would change • A Turkish Nationalist Movement began after World War I under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal • These nationalists wanted Turkey to become a nation-state and not a mandate of the British or French

34. Mustafa Kemal told the League of Nations that Turkey would Westernize, if independent • By 1922, Turkey was declared a republic with Mustafa Kemal as its first president • He made the promised social and political changes

35. Turkey became a pro-Western, secular, nationalist republic • Political changes: • abolished Islamic influence in government • religion became a matter of conscience • the legal system was secularized and adopted Western codes of law • one-party system established

36. Social and Cultural Changes: • Western-style dress for men • veiling for women was discouraged • polygamy was abolished • a civil ceremony was mandatory • education for women improved and they were encouraged to take part in public life

37. women could take part in all elections by 1934 • Western-style family names were adopted • had a modified Latin alphabet • purified the language of Islamic terms • literacy doubled by 1940 Mustafa Kemal changed his name to Ataturk, Father Turk. He died in 1938

38. By the time of his death, Ataturk had not made any radical redistribution of wealth • His economic changes were few, but he did institute soviet-style centralized planning for economic development and set up iron and steel mills for import substitution • He did little to reform agriculture

39. Iran • From 1794-1925, Iran was ruled by the Qajar Dynasty • When one Shah tried to reform the country, he met with resistance from the Shi’ite population • The Shah then asked Russia and Britain for protection • Those against this protection formed the Persian Nationalist Movement

40. In 1906, the reigning Shah was forced to give the people a constitution, but he kept the protection of Britain and Russia who proceeded to divide up the country into spheres of influence; oil had been discovered there and the profits went to Britain and Russia • In 1921, a new Shah seized power

41. Reza Khan • seized power in 1921 with the idea of establishing a republic; he was prevented by traditional forces • so he set up the Pahlavi Dynasty instead in 1925 • became an effective modernizing ruler by creating a modern army, a new university, and a railroad • Reza Khan abdicated the throne in 1941 and his son took the throne • Mohammad Reza Shah then ruled from 1941 to 1979 when he was forced from power

42. Saudi Arabia • In the early 1920s, Ibn Saud united Arab tribes in the northern part of the Arabian peninsula and established the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by 1932

43. Africa • As Europeans began outlawing slavery, legitimate trade began – trade in raw materials like palm nuts, palm oil, peanuts, timber, and hides • Europeans sent in traders, explorers, and missionaries • To protect their interests, Europeans set up settlements and sent in government officials

44. This caused tensions with the Africans • When Africans tried to protect and defend their territory, Europeans annexed their territory • Ex.; Gold Coast was the first British colony taken in 1874 • British had superior weapons • Used direct/indirect rule • Quinine made exploration and capture of the interior of Africa possible

45. White settlement of South Africa • 17th century: Dutch East India Community set up a station at the Cape of Good Hope • 1657: colonization was allowed; Dutch-speaking, slave-owning, agricultural community developed • They were called Boers (Dutch for peasant or farmer) • They felt entitled to 6,000 acres each

46. The Boers moved in and pushed the Bantu tribe out • Bantus moved into Zulu territory which resulted in a conflict called the Mfecane or the crushing • Zulus fought back in one of the most widely devastating upheavals of the 19th century • Zulus remained independent until the late 1870s

47. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars, the British were given control of the Cape of Good Hope in 1806 • Boers resented British presence • 1820s: British settlers arrived and disapproved of Boer lifestyle – slavery • 1830s: some Boers began to move away from the Cape of Good Hope; founded Natal

48. 1830s: British gave Cape of Good Hope a constitution and a parliamentary government; this included non-racial franchise • Differences between the 2 groups gave rise to Afrikaner nationalism • 1845: British annexed Natal

49. The Boers moved again and set up 2 new republics: the Orange Free State and the Transvaal • The British recognized them in 1852 and in 1854 • At that point, South Africa had 2 British colonies and 2 Dutch republics

50. 1867: diamonds were discovered near the junction of the Orange and Transvaal Rivers on the western edge of the Orange Free State • Both the British and the Boers wanted this diamond territory; the British got it • 1886: gold was discovered in the Transvaal at Witwatersrand near Johannesburg and a gold rush ensued