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The High Middle Ages

CHAPTER 14. The High Middle Ages. Section 1: The Crusades Section 2: The Revival of Trade Section 3: The Growth of Towns Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 6: Challenges to Church Power. Section 1:. The Crusades.

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The High Middle Ages

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  1. CHAPTER 14 The High Middle Ages Section 1: The Crusades Section 2: The Revival of Trade Section 3: The Growth of Towns Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 6: Challenges to Church Power

  2. Section 1: The Crusades Objectives: • Identify the main causes of the Crusades. • Describe the outcome of the First Crusade. • Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades. • Explain how the Crusades affected Europe.

  3. Section 1: The Crusades Causes of the Crusades • Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control

  4. Section 1: The Crusades The First Crusade • Brought much of the Holy Land under European control

  5. Section 1: The Crusades Other Major Crusades • The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus • The Third Crusade – again failed to recapture Jerusalem • The Fourth Crusade – Constantinople collapsed in 1453 • Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291

  6. Section 1: The Crusades Results of the Crusades • Weapons and warfare – crossbow, new ways to wage war • Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church • Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns

  7. Section 2: The Revival of Trade Objectives: • Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe. • Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began. • Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade.

  8. Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Routes • Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes • Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth • The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade

  9. Section 2: The Revival of Trade Trade Goods and Markets • Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices • Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects • Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax • Social events

  10. Section 2: The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment • Manufacturing – domestic system • Banking – exchanging currencies at fairs, lending money • Investing – market economy

  11. Section 3: The Growth of Towns Objectives: • Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages. • Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities. • Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom.

  12. Section 3: The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople • Freedom – after a year and a day • Exemption – from working on the manor • Town justice – towns had own courts • Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders

  13. Section 3: The Growth of Towns Guilds • Merchants – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns • Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions; start as apprentice, then journeyman, then master of that craft guild • The rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers

  14. Section 3: The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns • Town life – serfs escaped to gain freedom • The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly

  15. Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Objectives: • Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages. • Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages. • Identify developments made in philosophy and science. • Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages.

  16. Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature • Early vernacular literature – everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas • The flowering of vernacular literature – Dante Alighieri and Geoffrey Chaucer

  17. Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Education • University – teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees

  18. Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy and Science • Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason • Science – mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment

  19. Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Architecture • Roman architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows • Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows

  20. Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Objectives: • Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England and France. • Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation. • Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages.

  21. Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations England • The Hundred Years’ War – Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king • The War of the Roses – war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy

  22. Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations France • A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out • A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control

  23. Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination

  24. Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations The Holy Roman Empire • Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors

  25. Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Objectives: • Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages. • Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church. • Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages.

  26. Section 6: Challenges to Church Power Church Power Weakens • Power shifted from the church to monarchs • People began to question church practices

  27. Section 6: Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism • People lost respect for the church • Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority

  28. Section 6: Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church • Defender of the Faith opposed pope’s ideas • John Wycliffe – did not believe in absolute power of pope • Jan Hus – criticized abuses within the church

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