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Earth’s Materials

Earth’s Materials . Minerals. On the periodic table, of the first 92 elements: 90 are found in the Earth The crust is the outermost layer of Earth, and includes all continental material and materials that form the ocean bottom. Extends 10km beneath the continents.

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Earth’s Materials

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  1. Earth’s Materials

  2. Minerals • On the periodic table, of the first 92 elements: 90 are found in the Earth • The crust is the outermost layer of Earth, and includes all continental material and materials that form the ocean bottom. • Extends 10km beneath the continents

  3. Major Elements in the Earth’s crust

  4. What’s a mineral? • A mineral is a naturally occurring element of compound that is inorganic, solid, and has a crystalline structure • Inorganic means that minerals are materials that are not produced by living organisms • The composition of minerals are indicated by their chemical formula • Example: Fluorite= CaF2

  5. Physical Properties • A mineral has a particular chemical composition, although can sometimes vary due to small impurities • Example: Ruby vs. Sapphire

  6. Example • Ruby vs. Sapphire • Both contain corundum, but Ruby has more chromium then Sapphire

  7. Atom Arrangement • Some properties are controlled by orderly arrangement of atoms in a mineral’s structure • This pattern is what makes a mineral crystalline • The arrangement of atoms and the bonds between them can reflect the way a mineral breaks, how hard it is, and what type of crystal shape

  8. How minerals break • Cleavage: the ability of a mineral break along plans that cut across relatively weak chemical bonds, a smooth, flat surface. • Fracture: an irregular break

  9. Hardness • Bonds connecting atoms in materials often have different strengths • When your scratch a mineral with another mineral the scratch forms as bonds in the material are broken.

  10. Mohs Scale of Hardness

  11. Luster and Streak • The way a mineral reflects light is known as luster • Metallic • Nonmetallic • The color of a mineral in powdered form is called streak • The streak may be the same color as the mineral

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