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Definitions to know

Definitions to know. Abduction vs. Adduction. Statement #1. Know these terms: epimysium, endomysium, periosteum, and perimysium. Skeletal Muscle. Bundles are formed by: epimysium epi = upon perimysium peri = around endomysium endo = within all continuous with the TENDON

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Definitions to know

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  1. Definitions to know • Abduction vs. Adduction

  2. Statement #1 • Know these terms: epimysium, endomysium, periosteum, and perimysium

  3. Skeletal Muscle Bundles are formed by: • epimysium epi = upon • perimysium peri = around • endomysium endo = within all continuous with the TENDON “mysium” = presence of muscle *Tendon = strong cord that connects muscle with the bone (periosteum)

  4. Fascia = fibrous wrapping outside muscle and tendon Tendon sheaths= tube shaped CT that surrounds tendons of ankles and wrists

  5. Epimysium • “upon” • Coarse sheath covers muscle and holds fasicles in place • Lubricating surface for muscles to rub 

  6. Endomysium • “within” the muscle – connective tissue membrane that covers muscle fibers • Maintains the chemical environment that muscle cells need to contract 

  7. Perimysium • “around” • Tougher connective envelope that binds groups of muscle fingers together (= fascicle) • Fascicle is under independent control of a motor neuron 

  8. Question 2: • What is the aponeurosis?

  9. Tendons • Band-like • Aponeurosis- • flat sheet –like • attachment • of tendon to bone- • CT of one muscle • merges with another muscle

  10. Statement 3 Know these terms and how they interrelate: • Prime mover • Synergist • Fixator • antagonists

  11. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body • Muscles usually work in groups, i.e. perform “group actions” • Prime mover (agonist), Antagonist, Synergist, Fixator • Muscles can swap roles depending on the motion • Muscles are usually arranged in antagonistic pairs • Flexion- decreases the angle between bones- bending motions • Extension and hypertension- increases the angle between bones; straightening motions • Abduction- move a part away from the median of the body • Adduction- moves a part toward the median of the body

  12. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles • Prime Mover (agonist): the principle muscle that causes a movement • ex: biceps brachii, flexion of forearm • Antagonist: the principle muscle that causes the opposite movement • ex: triceps brachii, extension of forearm

  13. Interactions of Skeletal Muscles • Synergists: muscles that assist the prime mover • ex: extensor carpi (wrist) muscles are synergists for the flexor digitorum muscles when you clench your fist • Fixators: synergists that stabilize the origin of a prime over • ex: several back muscles that stabilize scapula when the deltoid flexes the arm

  14. Question 4: • How are muscles named?

  15. Naming Skeletal Muscles • Direction/Orientation of the muscle fibers/cells • Location of the muscle • Shape of the muscle • Relative Size of the muscle • Number of Origins • Location of the Attachments • Action of the muscle

  16. Question 5 • What muscle assists with mastication?

  17. Question 5 • What muscle assists with mastication? Masseter, temporalis, pterygoids

  18. Muscles of Mastication Masseter • Action: closes jaw • Origin: zygomatic arch • Insertion: mandibular ramus • Notes: strongest muscle in body (per in2)-150 lbs of pressure http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/anatomy/media/HandAtlas_masseter-fascia.jpg http://instruct.westvalley.edu/granieri/headmuscles.jpg

  19. Muscles of Facial Expression Temporalis • Action: closes jaw • Origin: temporal line of skull • Insertion: coronoid process of mandible • Note: tight band around head while chewing… http://sungag.buddhism.org/tech22pe/board/jungyun/upfile/temporalis.gif http://face-and-emotion.com/dataface/anatomy/media/HandAtlas_buccinator-temporalis.jpg

  20. Muscles of Facial Expression Pterygoids (Medial& Lateral) • Action: grating, "chewing the cud" muscle; protraction of mandible • Origin: sphenoid bone • Insertion: medial surface of ramus (m. pterygoid); TMJ & neck of mandible (l. pterygoid) http://www.wetcanvas.com/Community/images/06-Mar-2005/30792-pterygoids.jpg http://www.med.mun.ca/anatomy/media/overview/ProtractImage292.jpg

  21. Question 6 What muscle draws the eyebrows together?

  22. Muscles of Facial Expression Corrugator supercilii • Action: pulls eyebrows together • Origin: frontal bone, near nasal bone, above orbit • Insertion: skin of eyebrow • Other notes: deep to frontalis • Frowning http://www.bartleby.com/107/Images/large/image379.gif  http://www.uned.es/psico-2-psicologia-general-II/links/FACS/index_archivos/image006.jpg http://waddell.ci.manchester.ct.us/garden_images/h_corrugated.jpg

  23. Question 7 • Of the abdominal muscles, which one has fibers that are horizontal? Which one compresses the abdomen?

  24. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Quadratus lumborum • Action: Flexes vertebral column laterally; depresses last rib • Origin: iliolumbar ligament; iliac crest • Insertion: last rib; transverse process of vertebrae (L1-L4) http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/images/Image339.gif

  25. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Internal Oblique • Action: laterally flex and rotate vertebral column to the same side; flex vertebral column & compress abdomen (both) • Origin: lateral inguinal ligament, iliac crest • Insertion: internal surface of lower 3 ribs, linea alba http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/images/Image341.gif http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/backabdomen/menu/image.gif

  26. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Transversus Abdominis • Action: compress abdominal contents • Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest & internal surface of lower 6 ribs • Insertion: linea alba http://www.aerobicmania.cz/images/core/ta.gif http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/abdominalmuscles/menu/image.gif

  27. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall Rectus Abdominis • Action: flex vertebral column • Origin: pubic symphysis • Insertion: cartilage of 5th, 6th, and 7th ribs and xiphoid process • Note: “six-pack” muscle http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/images/Image339.gif

  28. Question 8 • What muscles are of the rotator cuff?

  29. Rotator Cuff Muscles Encompass and stabilize glenohumeral joint. http://cms.depuy.com/display?docId=20182

  30. Rotator Cuff Muscles • Four Muscles: Supraspinatus Teres Minor Infraspinatus Subscapularis Action: external rotation (to the rear) & shoulder joint stabilization http://www.fitstep.com/Advanced/Anatomy/Rot_cuff.htm

  31. Question 9 • What is the function of teres major and teres minor?

  32. Muscles that move the Upper Arm Teres Major Action: extend, adduct, medially rotate shoulder (same as latissimus dorsi). Origin: lateral inferior angle and lower ½ of lateral border of scapula. Insertion: crest of lesser tubercle of humerus Notes: "lat's little helper." Synergist w/lat. dorsi. Antagonist to teres minor. Back http://www.rad.washington.edu/staticpix/atlas/teresmajorpost2.jpg Front http://www.rad.washington.edu/staticpix/atlas/teresmajorant2.jpg

  33. Teres Minor Action: • laterally rotate, adducts, extends, and horizontally abducts shoulder • stabilizes head of humerus in glenoid cavity Origin: superior ½ of lateral border of scapula Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus Note: antagonist to teres major in rotation of humerus http://www.chirotx.com/_derived/Shoulder_Pain_Active_Release_Technique.html_txt_wpe2.gif

  34. Question 9 What is the function of teres major and teres minor? In summary…. *they both move the upper arm *major adducts and medially rotates *minor laterally rotates, transverse abduction ***antagonistic to each other

  35. Question 10 • What muscle raises or lowers the shoulders?

  36. Trapezius Action: • Upper fibers: extend the head and neck (both); laterally flex the head and neck to the same side, rotate the head and neck to the opposite side (singly), elevate the scapula, and upwardly rotate the scapula. • Middle fibers: adduct the scapula, stabilize the scapula. • Lower fibers: depress the scapula, upwardly rotate the scapula. Origin: External occipital protuberance, medial portion of superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of C-7 to T-12. Insertion: Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula. http://www.preventdisease.com/home/muscleatlas/shtraplat.jpg

  37. Question 11 • What posterior arm muscle extends the forearm?

  38. Action: Extend elbow; long head – extend & adduct shoulder. Origin: Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Lateral head: Proximal ½ of humerus. Medial head: Distal ½ of humerus. Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna. Only muscle on posterior upper arm. Antagonist to biceps brachii. Extensor of Upper Arm: Triceps Brachii http://www.rad.washington.edu/atlas/tricepsbrachii.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Triceps_brachii.png

  39. Question 12 • What muscles pronate the forearm?

  40. Action: Pronate forearm, assists to flex elbow. Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna. Place your thumb on the medial, proximal surface of your forearm. Pronate your arm. Feel the pronator teres contract. Antagonist to biceps brachii & supinator. Located between brachioradialis and forearm flexors Insertion:Middle of lateral surface of radius. Muscle of the Forearm:Pronator Teres http://www.rad.washington.edu/atlas/pronatorteres.html

  41. Action: Pronate forearm. Origin: Medial, anterior surface of distal ulna. Insertion: Lateral, anterior surface of distal radius. Located deep in the wrist area. Small and w/transverse fibers. Muscles of the Forearm:Pronator Quadratus http://www.rad.washington.edu/staticpix/atlas/pronatorquadratus.jpg

  42. Question 12 • What muscles pronate the forearm? in summary… • Pronator teres and pronator quadratus

  43. Question 13 • Where do the muscles that move the upper arm originate?

  44. Question 13 • Where do the muscles that move the upper arm originate? scapula

  45. Orientation study hint Review and Refresh: ABduction = moving away from the midline of the body; opposite motion of adduction ADduction = moving towards the midline of the body; opposite motion of abduction from S to I Levator scapulae Supra spinatus Rhomoideus minor Teres Minor Rhomboideus major Infraspinatus Teres major Latissimus dorsi

  46. Question 14 • What does the brachialis muscle do?

  47. Question 14 • What does the brachialis muscle do? Flexion of the elbow Synergist w/biceps brachii

  48. Deep to bicepsbrachii. Synergist with biceps brachii. Action: Flex the elbow. Origin: Distal ½ of anterior humerus. Insertion: Tuberosity and coronoid process of ulna. Flexor of the Forearm: Brachialis http://www.gpc.edu/~jaliff/hubibo24.gif http://home1.gte.net/imagine/brachialis.jpg

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