Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Revolution of 1830 Birth of a Republic The Dreyfus Affair

1. Preview Main Idea / Reading Focus The Revolution of 1830 Birth of a Republic The Dreyfus Affair Revolution and Change in France

2. Revolution and Change in France Main Idea During the 1800s opposing groups in France struggled to determine what kind of government France would have—a republic, a constitutional monarchy, or an absolute monarchy. • Reading Focus • What happened during the Revolution of 1830? • What were the results of the birth of the French republic? • How did the Dreyfus affair reveal divisions within French society?

3. A King Abdicates Metternich Louis Philippe • Charles X inherited throne with death of brother, Louis XVIII • Tried to rule as absolute monarch • Citizens revolted, Revolution of 1830 • Charles abdicated, fled to England • Klemens von Metternich had supported absolute monarchies, reactionary ideals at Congress of Vienna • Feared revolution would spread • Moderate liberals formed constitutional monarchy • Chose Louis Philippe new king • Aristocrat popular with middle class • Called “citizen king” The Revolution of 1830 At the end of the Napoleonic era, the Congress of Vienna restored Louis XVIII to the French throne. The French had a constitution and a legislature, but most power remained with the king. The French people would not remain content with their government for long.

4. Repressive Rule • Louis Philippe became more like king, less like citizen over time • Increased number of voters, but only extended vote to more wealthy citizens • Limited freedom of press, rule became increasingly repressive, silenced most who opposed him • Economic Depression • During Louis Philippe’s reign, working people grew poorer, middle class and aristocracy became more prosperous • Popularity deteriorated rapidly with economic depression of 1846 • Life became difficult for all but wealthiest people • Discontent would lead to revolution again

5. Identify Cause and Effect What were the effects of the Revolution of 1830? Answer(s): King Charles X abdicated and was replaced by King Louis Philippe, the “citizen king.”

6. The Revolution of 1848 Second Republic • Sparked when French government banned banquet planned by reformers • Middle- and working- class protesters took to streets • Louis Philippe abdicated • New government formed, a republic headed by a president • Voters elected Napoleon’s nephew, Louis Napoleon • Era known as Second Republic; First Republic existed between French Revolution, reign of Napoleon • Revolution of 1848 had far-reaching effects: ensured all adult men had right to vote, fueled new women’s rights movement, inspired other European revolutions Birth of a Republic The economic troubles and general unhappiness simmered until 1848. Then revolution exploded again and another republic was born.

7. Reforms New Constitution • Period became known as Second Empire • Napoleon III made reforms such as increasing voting rights but always kept absolute power as emperor • Ruled during time of economic prosperity • Built many miles of railroads, helped increase trade and improved communications in France • French constitution allowed president to serve four years • Louis Napoleon wanted to remain in office • 1851, sent troops to Paris, arrested members of National Assembly who opposed him • Called for national vote on drafting new constitution • 1852, French elected him Emperor Napoleon III Napoleon III and the Second Empire

8. The Third Republic • War with Prussia • 1870, Napoleon III drew France into war with Prussia • Napoleon III captured, surrendered to Prussians • Deposed • Shameful defeat led French Assembly to depose Napoleon III • Proclaimed Third Republic • Siege of Paris • New republic immediately faced crisis • Prussians invaded France, began siege of Paris • Important Reforms • Primary education available for children between 6 and 13 • Trade unions legalized, working hours reduced, workers got one day off per week

9. Draw Conclusions Why did the French elect Louis Napoleon as their president? Answer(s): possible answer—because of his famous name and family legacy

10. Dreyfus Evidence • Alfred Dreyfus, captain in French army, Jewish • Falsely accused of betraying military secrets to Germany • Anti-Semitic officers knew he was not guilty, let Dreyfus take blame • Dreyfus humiliated in public ceremony, uniform stripes removed, sword broken • Evidence suggested another, non-Jewish, officer may have been spy, but found not guilty in court • Dreyfus not cleared until 1906 The Dreyfus Affair • Reforms did not solve all of France’s problems • Divisions continued to split French society • 1894, divisions came to head over controversial Dreyfus Affair, revealing extent of French anti-Semitism, prejudice toward Jews

11. Defending Dreyfus • Zola • 1898, French writer Émile Zola defended Dreyfus • Published letter accusing French government of anti-Semitism • Letter set off riots, led French courts to reopen Dreyfus’s case • Effects • Many political groups united into two—those for Dreyfus and those against • Theodor Herzl began Zionism movement, called for re-creation of a Jewish state in original homeland • Zionism • Herzl believed root of anti-Semitism was that Jews did not have own nation • 1900s, many Jews had settled in eastern Mediterranean area, Palestine • Settlements caused other Jews to follow, Zionist movement strengthened

12. Identify Cause and Effect What were two major effects of the Dreyfus affair? Answer(s): polarized the French into two groups; inspired Theodor Herzl to begin the movement called Zionism, with the objective of creating a Jewish state in Palestine