Causes of World War I - Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism, Alliance System

1. World War I HW: Study 19.1

2. Causes of WWI • Neutrality was difficult to maintain for 4 main reasons: • Nationalism • Imperialism • Militarism • Alliance System

3. Nationalism • Devotion to the interests & culture of one owns nation • Often leads to competition among nations • Germany’s growing power is feared in Europe

4. Imperialism • For centuries nations had been expanding & colonizing, shipping raw materials back to country to industrialize • Germany begins to compete with France & Britain

5. Militarism • Direct result of Imperialism & Nationalism • As countries expanded & competed, needed a military to defend nation

6. Alliance System • Allies • France • Britain • Russia • Later the US • …And many more! • Central Powers • Germany • Austria-Hungary • Bulgaria • Ottoman Empire

7. Alliance System

8. Europe in 1914 • Balkan Peninsula known as “powder keg” • Why? What does this analogy mean? • Series of events which led to conflict among several nations • Nations had engaged in numerous treaties & agreements

9. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand • Heir to Austrian throne, killed by Serbian nationalist • Set of a domino effect with European countries & treaties, engaging them in war • Immediate cause to WWI

10. Fighting Begins August,1914 • Schlieffen Plan • Military strategy used by Germany • 2-front war (see map) • Hold off the Russians from East • Quickly defeat the Belgiums & French in West, and then have army meet up in Russia

11. Schlieffen PlanAugust, 1914

12. Trench Warfare • War in France proved to be much longer/harder than expected • Armies fought for mere yards of ground, continued for over 3 years • “No Man’s Land” (see map) • Area between opposing enemy trenches

13. WWI Continues: Study 19.2 • The War Hits Home • The US primarily entered the war for 2 reasons • Ensure Allied repayment of debt • Prevent Germans from threaten US shipping

14. British Blockade • Extended blockade to include food & also neutral ports • Result: American ships could not reach Germany • Result: No food lead to German Starvation & Death

15. German U-Boat Response • Germany began sinking British boats with submarines called U-Boats • Attack on Lusitania(passenger liner) was on such attack • May, 1915 • Result: American opinion turns towards Allies

16. German Provocation • 1915 • US issues “stern warnings” after Lusitania, but no military response • 1916 • Germany announces it will sink all British ships – hostile or neutral - on sight • In direct opposition of “verbal agreements” made after Lusitania was sunk • 1917 • Zimmerman Note • A telegram from Germany to Mexico trying to form secret alliance

17. Declaration of War • US Declares War on April 2, 1917 • Make world “safe for future democracy”

18. America Enters the War

19. America Mobilizes • Manpower • Congress passes Selective Service Act • African-Americans serving in segregated units • Women served as nurses, secretaries, etc • Mass Production of goods • Shipyard workers exempt from SSA • Use Propaganda to emphasize importance of shipyard work • Prefabrication Techniques • Government took control of private & commercial industries • War Industries Board (WIB)

20. Congress gives power to Wilson • War Industries Board established1917 • Result of size of War • WIB urged companies to do the following: • Mass produce • Standardize production • Eliminates Waste • Place Price controlled on wholesale • Result Retail prices soared

21. War Economy • Wages increases by 20% • Offset by food & housing price increases • The rise in retail price! • Unions • Wilson “Work or Fight”: work or give up your draft exemption • Great divide between earning wage between management & labor over 6000 strikes • Ultimately boards worked for better working conditions

22. Food Administration • Victory Gardens • Rotated days to abstain from foods • Farmers allocated more land to production • Result: Food production tripled to Allies

23. American Forces Arrive • Early 1917 • Convoy System • Safe way to transport goods • Cut Allied loses by 1/2 • Fresh Troops • Reinvigorated Allied troops after 3 years of fighting

24. New Weapons & Hazards

25. Fall of Germany & Final Toll • November 3-11, 1918 • Austria – Hungary surrenders to Allies • German soldiers munity • German socialist leaders establish new republic • 11th hour, 11th month, 11th day in 1918 • Germany signs armistice • WWI causalities

26. War at Home • HW: 19.4

27. Attacks on Civil Liberties Increase • Espionage & Sedition Acts • Person could be fined 10,000 or • Jailed for 20 years for saying anything against, disloyal, or interfering with the war effort. • Went after socialists & labor leaders (IWW) • Technically a violation of 1st Amendment

28. War encourages social changes • African American - The Great Migration • Large scale movement of African Americans to Northern cities • Direct result of WWI • Increased job opportunities • Escaped Jim crow laws & discrimination • Women • WWI also opened up new jobs for women • Served in the War as nurses • Help with the sale of War bonds • Result: Aides in passage of 19th amendment

29. Wilson’s Presents His Plan • HW: • Study Guide Questions • Study for Test

30. Wilson’s 14 Points • Points 1-5 • Establishing new standards world standards • Points 6-13 • Discussed boundary changes based upon nationality • Point 14 • League of Nations • The creation of an international organization to handle diplomatic crisis (like WWI) without going to war.

31. Allies Reject Wilson’s Plan • Clemenceau – France • Chamberlain – Britain • Orlando – Italy • What are their feelings after WWI? • How would they react to Wilson’s proposal?

32. US Opposition to 14 Points • Debate over the League of Nations • Biggest US concern of treaty • League would threaten US policy of isolationism • Wilson vs. Henry Cabot Lodge • Lodge adds amendments • Congress ultimately does not pass treaty • Result: US does not join League of Nations

33. Treaty of Versailles