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Archaeology

Archaeology. Jesus birth and childhood. Jesus’s Birth and Childhood. What do we know? Pre-birth The cultural background Birth Childhood. A Tale of Two Kings.

brenna-hardin
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Archaeology

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  1. Archaeology Jesus birth and childhood

  2. Jesus’s Birth and Childhood • What do we know? • Pre-birth • The cultural background • Birth • Childhood

  3. A Tale of Two Kings • Gen 25 v 21 Isaac prayed to the LORD on behalf of his wife, because she was barren. The LORD answered his prayer, and his wife Rebekah became pregnant. 22 The babies jostled each other within her, and she said, "Why is this happening to me?" So she went to inquire of the LORD. 23 The LORD said to her, "Two nations are in your womb, and two peoples from within you will be separated; one people will be stronger than the other, and the older will serve the younger.”

  4. A Tale of Two Kings • 24 When the time came for her to give birth, there were twin boys in her womb. 25 The first to come out was red, and his whole body was like a hairy garment; so they named him Esau. {[25] Esau may mean hairy; he was also called Edom, which means red.} 26 After this, his brother came out, with his hand grasping Esau's heel; so he was named Jacob. {[26] Jacob means he grasps the heel (figuratively, he deceives).

  5. A Tale of Two Kings • Edomites • Idumea • Herod the Great • Israelites • Israel • Jesus

  6. Herod the Great

  7. The Times of Herod • PaxRomana (27BC to AD180) • 10% of population of Roman Empire was Jewish • Great wealth • Herod’s wealth was due to this period of history • Great building projects Coram Deo - AD70 Part 1

  8. The Times of Herod • Herod on Licence to rule • Dictator (like Mussolini) • Paranoid • All competition removed • Priests appointed by Herod Coram Deo - AD70 Part 1

  9. Where are we?

  10. Herod’s fear

  11. Herodium

  12. Herodium

  13. Herodium

  14. Cypros

  15. Hyrcania

  16. Mechareus

  17. Mechareus

  18. Masada

  19. Masada

  20. Masada

  21. Masada

  22. Masada

  23. Masada

  24. Masada

  25. Masada

  26. Masada (Pompeii)

  27. Masada

  28. Masada

  29. Taxation • Tax x 3 (from 63BC) • Temple Tax • Herod’s tax (Government tax) • Rome’s tax - PaxRomana – Extortion • Consequences of taxation • Loss of Land due to inability to pay taxes • Labour moved to building areas in the cities • End of building = high unemployment and crime • 80 000 builders and labourers laid off when temple completed • Rise of Banditry Coram Deo - AD70 Part 1

  30. Time of Christ • Israel on trade corridor of the Roman Empire • Large income flows • Prosperity and building • PaxRomana • Expected Messiah • Daniel Prophecies • Overthrow Occupation • Maccabees • Red slip pottery • 4BC Boycott • Unrest – 1000’s crucified Coram Deo - AD70 Part 1

  31. Red Slip Pottery Coram Deo - AD70 Part 1

  32. Bethlehem

  33. Ruth 1 • 22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess her daughter-in-law with her, who returned from the country of Moab. Now they came to Bethlehem at the beginning of barley harvest. 2:1 There was a relative of Naomi's husband, a man of great wealth, of the family of Elimelech.

  34. Gen 48 v 7 • 7 "But as for me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died beside me in the land of Canaan on the way, when [there] [was] but a little distance to go to Ephrath; and I buried her there on the way to Ephrath (that is, Bethlehem)."

  35. Bethlehem • In the shadow of Herod • Herodium overlooks Bethlehem • Situated just to the north of Bethlehem.

  36. Bethlehem

  37. Which year was Jesus born? • Josephus (Jewish Antiquities, XVII, 167 [vi, 4]; 213 [ix, 3]) - Herod died prior to Passover and “shortly” after a major lunar eclipse • March 11, 4 B.C ? • Partial eclipse - poorly visible from Judea • December 29, 1 B.C • Total lunar eclipse • Herod’s death either at the very end of 1 B.C. or, more likely, in January of 1 A.D. (no year 0)

  38. Which year was Jesus born? • Jesus born no more than two full years before the death of Herod • Therefore our candidate years are 1BC, 2BC, or the very end of 3 B.C. • 2 B.C. Most likely. • Tertullian, Irenaeus, and Eusebius • Jesus’ birth-year (15 years prior to the death of Augustus Caesar in 14 A.D., • 28 years after the death of Cleopatra in 30 B.C.

  39. Which year was Jesus born? • 2 B.C. Census • 25th Anniversary of Gaius Octavius being given the name “Augustus” and being named Emperor by the Senate • (He had ruled since 43 B.C., but wasn’t granted the title of Emperor until 27 B.C.)

  40. Which year was Jesus born? • 2BC Important conjunction of Jupiter with the star Regulus • Many believe may have been the “Star of Bethlehem” • Quirinius - Governor of Syria • 4BC – AD1 • Again in AD6

  41. What was Jesus’s Job?

  42. Nazareth • Tecton? • Architecton • Builder (carpenter) • Why Nazareth? • Building of Sepphoris • 3 miles from Nazareth • “the ornament of all Galilee.” (Josephus) • Also known as Autocratoris, Diocaesarea, EirenopolisNeronias, Le Sephorie, Saffouriya, Safuriyah, Safuriyye, Seffarieh, Sephoris, Sippori, Zippori

  43. Sepphoris(Tzippori)

  44. Sepphoris (Mosaic)

  45. Sepphoris

  46. Mona-Lisa of Galilee

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