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WORLD WAR II

WORLD WAR II. The Road to WWII : Questions. In what ways, and with what effects, did the Americas respond to Axis aggression in the 1930 ’ s and 1940 ’ s? What caused the rise of the radical right?

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WORLD WAR II

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  1. WORLD WAR II

  2. The Road to WWII: Questions • In what ways, and with what effects, did the Americas respond to Axis aggression in the 1930’s and 1940’s? • What caused the rise of the radical right? • Explain the specific reasons for, and exceptions to, American neutrality in the inter-war period (1918-1941).

  3. The Road to WWII: The Americas • FDR’s “Good Neighbor” Policy – Was it really a shift away from American imperialism? • What prompted it? Pan-American Conferences • FDR’s 1933 Inauguration Address: • “In the field of world policy, I dedicate this nation to the policy of a good neighbor—the neighbor who resolutely respects himself and, because he does so, respects the rights of others.”

  4. The Road to WWII: The Americas • Evidence of the U.S. being a “Good Neighbor”(unilateral actions) • 7th Pan-American Conference 1933 • Withdrawal of marines from Nicaragua 1933 • Withdrawal of marines from Haiti in 1934 • Nullification of the Platt Amendment 1934 • Re-negotiation of Panama Canal Treaty 1936 • Response to Mexican Oil Expropriation 1938 • What effect did these have?

  5. The Road to WWII: The Americas • Impact of “Good Neighbor”(bilateral agreements) • Reciprocal Trade Agreement Acts 1934 • Conference for the Maintenance of Peace 1936 • Declaration of Lima 1938 • Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs 1939/1940/1942 • A united front against “threat(s) to the liberty and independence of America”

  6. VOCABULARY Isolationism • a government policy based on the belief that country’s interests are best served by avoiding alliances with other countries

  7. U.S. Isolationism in 1920’s & 1930’s • Had rejected League of Nations • Wanted to be “masters of own fate” • Nye Committee Findings (1929) • US had been dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and arms makers • In reality, still very connected to the world • Trade & finance • Dawes & Young Plans • International treaties (Kellogg-Briand, etc.)

  8. Reasons for American Isolationism • History of isolationism • Geography allowed US to stay out of other’s affairs • Memories of World War I • 110,000 American dead • Europeans didn’t pay back loans • Europe still worse off than ever • Common belief that greedy bankers & arms makers had gotten us into the War

  9. Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937 • Laws attempting to avoid America “accidentally” being brought into War • Provisions • August 1935 • February 1936 • January 1937 • July 1937 • November 1939 • Relaxed when France fell in June of 1940

  10. The Move from Isolationism • FDR sees need for US involvement, but must be aware of public opinion • 80% oppose war as late as 1941! • FDR wants repeal of Neutrality Acts • Gets only right to sell weapons “cash & carry” • US spends $1 billion on defense & has peacetime draft in 1940 • Lend-Lease Act (March 1941) • AFTER his 1940 re-election • US to “loan” weapons to Allies (England) • Eventually to USSR after June of “41

  11. The Move from Isolationism • Mobilization • War Production Board 1942 • Rationing • Production controls • Civilian to Wartime conversions • Cars to tanks • Nylons to parachutes • Typewriters to machine guns • Underwear to mosquito netting • National War Labor Board 1942 • Wage controls • Arbitration • Prevention of work stoppages

  12. The Move from Isolationism • Sourcing of raw materials – drawing on the good will of Latin America • Example – Rubber • Sourced from only a few areas • Major supplier – Malaya • Occupied by Japanese in 1942 • Washington Accords 1942 • Signed by Vargas • Sourced rubber from the Amazon • Led to a major economic boom • Forced relocation of laborers from NE (i.e. “Rubber Soldiers”)

  13. The Move from Isolationism • Brazil & WW2 • Despite Vargas’ affinity for the fascist policies of Mussolini, the efforts of the U.S. ultimately drew Brazil in on the Allied side. • (It didn’t hurt that the U.S. financed the development of the iron and steel industry) • U.S. was allowed to establish a military bases along the North coast of Brazil (e.g. Natal) • German & Italian subs began sinking Brazilian ships in the Atlantic leading to the declaration of war in August of 1942 • A decision to send a BEF wasn’t made until March 1943

  14. Rise of the Radical Right • Italian Fascist Party (PNF) founded in 1921. • Born out of post-WW1 frustrated territorial demands • Focus on nationalism & expansionism • Fulfillment of Risorgimento of the 19th century • Destined to establish a 3rd Rome & a Mediterranean Empire • “The fascist state is a will to power and empire. The Roman tradition is here a powerful force. According to the Doctrine of Fascism, empire is not only territorial or military or mercantile concept, but a spiritual and moral one. One can think of an empire, that is, a nation, which directly or indirectly guides other nations, without the need to conquer a single square kilometre of territory.”Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile, Doctrine of Fascism (1932). • Benito Mussolini styled himself after Caesar calling himself, “Il Duce.”

  15. Italian Imperialism • In October of 1922, PNF conducts the “March on Rome” and assumes power. • Italian Liberals accused the Fascists of being “totalitarian.” • Fascists embrace this designation declaring the state to be totalitarian in 1925 by claiming the following: • Fascism is for the only liberty which can be a serious thing, the liberty of the state and of the individual in the state. Therefore for the fascist, everything is in the state, and no human or spiritual thing exists, or has any sort of value, outside the state. In this sense fascism is totalitarian, and the fascist state which is the synthesis and unity of every value, interprets, develops and strengthens the entire life of the people.Benito Mussolini, Giovanni Gentile, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)

  16. Italian Imperialism • Desirous of creating a N. African empire and solidifying Mare Nostrum as Italian, Mussolini chooses to invade Abyssinia in 1935. • Though aggression was clearly outlawed by the League of Nations Article X, without an enforcement mechanism, response to aggression relied on the will of the major powers. • France and Britain were concerned about losing the support of Italy in the Stresa Front, a united front against German expansion. • Consequently, the League did little to stop Italy, and Emperor Haile Selassie condemnation of the League failure was a clarion call stating, “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.”

  17. Italian Imperialism • Haile Selassie • Ras Tafari Makonnen • His Imperial Majesty, Haile Selassie I, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Elect of God

  18. The Rise of NAZI Germany • Diktat: the lack of a voice at the Paris Peace Conference made Germany feel like the terms were “dictated” to them. • The harshness of the Treaty of Versailles generates broad resentment. • Though in place throughout the 1920’s, the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterparteidoesn’t gain widespread support until the Global Depression.

  19. Hitler’s Early Aggression • Begins to rearm in 1934 • In violation of Versailles • France & England did nothing • Turns around German economy • A government jobs program like the New Deal? • Spanish Civil War 1936-39 • Rome-Berlin Axis in October 1936 • Merged with Austria in March of 1938 • France & England did nothing • Then announced plans to take over the Sudetenland (Western Czechoslovakia)

  20. Japanese Aggression • Pre-1931 • Annexed Korea and Taiwan • 1931 League Manchurian Crisis • Invasion of Manchuria (Northern China) • 1937 2nd Sino-Japanese War (‘37- ‘45) • Invasion of Eastern China • The “Rape of Nanking”

  21. The “Rape of Nanking” • Japanese attack on Chinese city of Nanking • December 1937 – March 1938 • Massive brutality; murder & rape • 300,000 murdered • 80,000 women raped

  22. The Rape of Nanking

  23. Japanese Aggression • 1938 • Roosevelt suggests “quarantine” of Japan • Isolationists force him to back down • 1940 - 1941 • Japan expands further in Pacific • Especially French Indochina (Vietnam) • US declares oil embargo & freezes Japanese assets (money) in US

  24. The Tripartite Pact (1940) • Formal alliance between Germany, Italy, & Japan • Together, they form the Axis Powers Hitler Mussolini Tojo

  25. U.S. Response to Japan • US cuts off oil & freezes Japanese assets • Japanese need these resources to continue expansion • Japan is small and resource poor • Japanese attack Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 • Goals • Destroy US fleet • Get US to drop embargo • Convinced that US people won’t want to fight

  26. VOCABULARY Appeasement Giving a country (or a person) what it wants and hoping that this will satisfy that country and it will not demand more.

  27. The Policy of Appeasement • France and England’s approach to Hitler’s aggression • US was isolationist (totally out of Europe) • The rest of Europe was afraid to confront Hitler • Hoped he would be happy taking a little • Hitler & Chamberlain sign the “Munich Pact” (September 1938) • Gave Hitler the Sudetenland in return for a promise that he would take nothing else.

  28. The Munich Pact English Prime Minister Chamberlain said the treaty guaranteed “peace in our time”

  29. The Hitler-Stalin Nonaggression Pact • Strange because • Hitler hated Communism • Hitler hated Stalin • Hitler thought Russians inferior

  30. Europe in 1939

  31. Military Alliances Revisited • Hitler takes Czechoslovakia March 16, 1939 • Anglo-Polish Guarantee on March 31, 1939 • Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact August 23, 1939 • Allowed Hitler to focus on Western Europe • War might not have been possible if Hitler had to fear attack by USSR • Many American Communists resigned from the Communist Party • Polish-British Common Defense Pact August 25, 1939

  32. The War in Europe Begins • Hitler invades Poland on Sept 1, 1939 • Stalin takes Eastern Poland • “Blitzkrieg” (“Lightening war”) • German tactic to overwhelm opponent with tanks, planes, and all out attack • France and England declare war on Germany • Little fighting over next six months • Hitler takes Norway & Denmark in March, 1940

  33. The Invasion of Poland

  34. The Invasion of France • Attack begins in May of 1940 • Paris captured in June of 1940 • Now England against Hitler and all of his resources • Soviets have non-aggression pact with Hitler • US remaining neutral • France divided into two • German occupied France • “Vichy France” • Technically independent, but really a German puppet

  35. France after June of 1940

  36. The Battle of Britain • August – September 1940 • Hitler’s attempt to bomb England to “soften” it for invasion • England not successfully invaded since 1066!!! • Mostly an attack on civilians • English anti-aircraft guns prevent invasion

  37. Winston Churchill • Named Prime Minister of England in May, 1940 • “We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender…”

  38. Germany Invades Soviet Union • June 22, 1941 – Operation Barbarossa • Largest military invasion in history • Accounted for 65% of all Allied casualties • Turning point of the War • Germany must fight a two front war • Hitler can never fully defeat Stalin • Size of Russian population • Distance of supply lines & bad roads • weather

  39. Sept.1941- Jan.1944 (almost 900 days!) Nothing got in or out 700,000 Russians died August 1942-Feb. 1943 Death toll of over 2 million Loss was beginning of end for Hitler Two Major Russian Sieges Leningrad Stalingrad

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