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Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)

Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT). Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF). Purpose. References. Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 24 Feb 95 JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations, 10 Sep 01

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Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF)

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  1. Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT) Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) /Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF) Purpose References • Joint Pub 0-2, Unified Action Armed Forces, 24 24 Feb 95 • JP 3-0, Doctrine for Joint Operations, 10 Sep 01 • JP 3-16, Doctrine for Multinational Operations • JP 3-56 Command and Control Doctrine for Joint Ops, Draft, Apr 97 • JP 5-00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures, 13 Jan 99 • Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a Multinational Force (MNF) / Coalition or Combined Task Force (CTF) • USCINCPAC’s Two Tiered Command and Control • MNF / CTF Design • MNF / CTF Headquarters Staff Structure

  2. Multinational Operations “ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance” JP 3-16

  3. Crisis Action Planning Process Lead Nation NCA / Supported Strategic Commander Level I Situation Development II Crisis Assessment III COA Development IV COA Selection V Execution Planning VI Execution Execution Planning CTF HQ Level Form CTF HQ CAP Deployment Employment Transition Redeployment CAP crisis action planning COA course of action

  4. Command Relationships • Combatant Command (COCOM) • COCOM is the national chain of command at the theater strategic level. It is the authority to organize and employ a nation’s forces. It is never relinquished to a commander of another nation. • Authoritative direction over all aspects of military operations, joint training, and logistics necessary for mission accomplishment • OPCON • Perform functions of command: • Authoritative direction for all military operations & training • Organize and employ commands and forces • Assign tasks & designate objectives • Establish plans/requirements for intelligence activity • Suspend/reassign subordinate commanders • TACON • Local direction and control of movements • Typical in Functional Command structure • Does not include: • Organizational authority • Administrative and logistics support

  5. Command Relationships “... there should be no mistaking the fact that the greatest obstacles to unity of command during UNOSOM II were imposed by the United States on itself . . . command arrangements had effectively created a condition that allowed no one to set clear, unambiguous priorities in designing and executing a comprehensive force package.” Somalia Operations: Lessons Learned Jan 95, Page 60

  6. Chain of Command NCA PRESIDENT CJCS SECRETARY OF DEFENSE UNIFIED COMMANDS MILITARY DEPARTMENTS COCOM Service Forces (Not assigned by “Forces For”) JOINT/COALITION TASK FORCE FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT SERVICE COMPONENT COMMANDS OPCON SERVICE COMPONENTS/ FORCES Chain of Command Administrative Chain SUBORDINATE UNIFIED COMMAND Coordination

  7. Chain of Command Administrative Chain Coordination US JTF (Two-Tiered) Command & Control NCA National Strategic National Command / Strategic Direction CJCS Supporting CINC(s) CINC Theater Strategic USA COMP USN COMP USAF COMP USMC COMP SOF COMP TIER I TIER II JTF Operational Level Tactical Level USA COMP USN COMP USAF COMP USMC COMP SOF COMP JPOTF

  8. III MEF USPACOM’s Potential Coalition / Combined Task Force HQs ALCOM I CORPS I MEF 7th Fleet 3rd Fleet SOCPAC

  9. MNF / CTF Employment • For a contingency operation, a Lead Nation and theater strategic commander (designated as the ‘Supported Strategic Commander’) will be nominated to lead the operation on behalf of the multinational partners, and a contingency coalition / combined task force (CTF) will be established to conduct military operations. The CTF is formed for a specific limited objective and dissolved upon achieving its assigned objectives. • MNF Chain of Command: • NCA (lead nation) Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CCTF • Use crisis action planning (CAP) Procedures Bottom Line: Requires Combined / Joint Staff employing Combined / Joint Processes

  10. MNF / CTF Missions NEO CM Peace Enforcement MOOTW / SSC is most likely scenario • Short Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice • Joint • Multinational / Interagency HA/ Disaster Relief SSC Peace Keeping

  11. Facts and Decisions Affecting MNF/CTF Structure Facts Decisions Assigned Tasks CTF Mission Required Capabilities Force Options Force Options Component Structure Component Structure C2 Structure Basing Support Structure Staff Structure Force Structure

  12. CTF OrganizationMNF Operations “Nothing that I have ever been taught prepared me for the mental jump needed to go from being Chief of Operations in NATO army group to being Chief of Staff of a UN Operation, where I had to bring together the staff from ten different nations and staff the deployment in less than three weeks from the Security Resolution.” Major General R.A. Cordy-Simpson UKAR

  13. Our Goal A MNF/CTF that can: • Rapidly plan in a complex setting • Develop a plan which supports national and strategic theater goals • Continuously integrate logistics • Orient on the enemy’s center of gravity • Efficiently execute a plan based on the commander’s concept • Achieve synergy in the employment of all military and inter-agency capabilities

  14. 1. Strategic Guidance 3. OPCON or TACON And Support 2. National Command 5. Theater or COCOM Command 4. Consultation / Coordination Lead Nation Command Structure Participating Nation #2 (US NCA) Lead Nation (Nation # 1) (AS NCA) Participating Nation #3 (ROK NCA) Supporting Strategic Commander (CINC) Supported Strategic Commander (CDF) Supporting Strategic Commander (ROK JCS) CCTF Staff is augmented by participating Nations and MPAT Cadre CCTF Participating ROK Forces Participating US Forces Participating AS Forces Legend: Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort

  15. 1. Strategic Guidance 3. OPCON or TACON And Support 2. National Command 5. Theater or COCOM Command 4. Consultation / Coordination Parallel Command Structure Nation #2 NCA Nation #1 NCA Theater Strategic Commander – Nation # 1 Theater Strategic Commander – Nation # 2 TF East Sector Commander TF West Sector Commander Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Forces Participating Nation #2 Forces Minimal Integrated Command and Control –Unity of Effort Through Coordination

  16. Combination Command Structure (Lead Nation and Parallel) 1. Strategic Guidance 3. OPCON or TACON And Support 2. National Command 5. Theater or COCOM Command 4. Consultation / Coordination Nation #1 Lead Nation Supporting Strategic Commander Supported Strategic Commander Used in Desert Shield / Desert Storm Parallel Participating Nation #1 Commander CCTF Lead Nation Coordination Center Participating Nation #1 Participating Nation #2 Participating Nation #3 Partial Integrated Command and Control – Tailored Lead Nation Concept

  17. Legend: OPCON or TACON Integrated Command Structure (Integrated Alliance or Lead Nation Alliance) Designated Lead Nation NCA Or Legitimizing Authority (Treaty) With Strategic Guidance Committee or Governing Body (Example: National Defense Committee) CCTF Staff is fully integrated with alliance Personnel Components are fully integrated normally at the Brigade / Squadron Levels of command and above (no integration Below this Level) Alliance Commander (Cmdr Combined TF – CCTF) Multinational Force Multinational Force Multinational Force Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort

  18. CTF Component Structure (Service) Simplicity in a Time Compressed Environment Capabilities or functions do not overlap Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CCTF CNAVFOR CAFFOR CARFOR CMARFOR CSOTF

  19. CTF Component Structure (Functional) Organize by capabilities or functions Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CINC CCTF CFMCC CFACC CFLCC CSOTF CPOTF CCMOTF

  20. Subordinate TFs & CTFs Geographic or Mission Specific Unity of Effort Supported Strategic Cmdr (CINC) CINC CCTF CTF TRANS CTF MED TF Eng TF Security

  21. The Leap to the Operational Level Lead Nation NCA Supported Strategic Cmdr / CINC MPAT & MNF SOP CTF TACTICAL LEVEL CMARFOR CNAVFOR CARFOR CAFFOR CSOTF CPOTF A formidable challenge, building an operational staff from single service tactical HQs. A leap from the “Comfort Zone” MEF HQ FLEET HQ CORPS HQ AEF HQ

  22. Not Business As Usual Minimal Time Philosophy Structure Procedures Cellular Staff Structure Ops Comm Intel Plans Log Pers CTF Staff Process Crisis Action Planning Phase I: Situation Development Phase II: Crisis Assessment Phase III: COA Development Phase IV: COA Selection Phase V: Execution Planning Phase VI: Execution Operational Level Focus Conducted by a “New” Staff

  23. The CTF Staff • Task Organized to the Specific Mission • Capable of Rapid Information Processing • Organized for Efficiency • Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle

  24. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Single Service HQ Staff COMMANDER G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6

  25. MPAT TE-3 Focus: Forming the CTF HQ Staff LNOs from Supporting Commands Add’l MPAT SMEs: PSYOP, Civil Affairs, Legal, Medical, Pol-Mil, etc. MPAT Lead Nation Headquarters C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 Cultural Dynamics SOPs CTF HQ Infrastructure Differences Communications Operational Level focus TTPs

  26. USCINCPAC Staff (20) O-6 Team Chief 1xJ1 1xJ2 2xJ3 (OPS) 3xJ3 (Plans) 3xJ3 (IO / CA / PSYOP) 2xJ4 (Plans / Eng) 2xJ5 (TPFDD) 1xJ5 (Pol-Mil) 1xJ6 1xPA 1xSJA 1xMed USCINPAC Components(20) PACAF (5) Airlift & Fighter Ops Airlift Management Logistics & Ops Planners USARPAC (4) Logistics & Ops Planners Terrain Analysis Tm CINPACFLT (2) Logistics & Ops Planners MARFORPAC (2) Logistics & Ops Planners JICPAC (6) IAT Officers & NCOs SOCPAC (1) CTF Augmentation Source: DJTFAC TRAINED---EXPERIENCED---READY TO DEPLOY---WORK FOR THE CTF

  27. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF The Result: A CTF Staff CCTF • Command Group • Battle Staff • Integrated Staff Cells • Routine Support • Liaison C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON How Does It Work?

  28. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Command Group CCTF • Decision Makers C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  29. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Battle Staff CCTF • Chief of Staff Direction • Staff Cognizance over Integrated Cells • Represents all Key Battlefield Operating Systems • Deals with Processed Data C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  30. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Integrated Staff Cells CCTF • Cross Functional Representation • LNO Representation • Information Management • Battle Rhythm • Plans Handover C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG) INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC) FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP LIAISON

  31. Integrated Staff Cells • OPERATIONAL PLANNING TM (OPT) • POLITICAL MILITARY GROUP • COMMUNICATIONS COORD CELL • RULES OF ENGAGE COMM • C/C DISEASE CONT BD • C/C INFORMATION BUREAU • MORALE, WELFARE, AND RECREATION • MILITARY COORD CENTER • SECURITY ASSESSMENT TEAM • SPECIAL OPS CELL • C/C MEDICAL CONT BD • HEALTH SERV SPT BD • C/C VISITORS BUREAU • INFORMATION MANAGEMENT CTR • C/C MORTUARY AFF BD • C/C HNS SPT BD • C/C CONTRACTING BD • EPW MANAGEMENT BOARD • C/C CAPTURED MATERIAL EXPLOIT CELL • COMBAT OPERATIONS CENTER • C/C MOBILITY AND ENG BD • C/C TERRAIN MANAGE BD • LOGISTICS READINESS CENTER • C/C PETROLEUM BD • C/C LOG COORD BD • REAR AREA OPERATIONS CTR • C/C MOVEMENT CONT CTR • C/C RECEPTION CENTER • COALITION/COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG) • FUTURE OPS (FOPS) • FUTURE PLANS (PLANS) • CURRENT OPS (COPS) • DEPLOYMENT MGT TEAM (DMT) • COALITION COORDINATION CENTER (CC-CENTER) • MULTINATIONAL JOINT LOGISTICS COORDINATION CENTER (MJL-CC) • C/C INTERROGATION CELL • C/C COLLECTION BOARD • FORCE FIRES • C/C TARGET BOARD • CIVIL MILITARY OPS CENTER (CMOC) • C/C AV LOG SPT BD Note: Coalition/Combined (C/C)

  32. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Routine Staff Support CCTF • More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff Organization • Representatives on Integrated Cell • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Linkage to staffs higher and lower C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  33. FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FUNCTIONAL STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF STAFF Liaison “They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.” • Liaison higher and lower • Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of Integrated Cells • More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm • Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak for the commander LTG Stiner, USA Cdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause CCTF C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 LIAISON

  34. ~~ Unified Action in Multinational Operations ~~ Coordination and Consensus are key elements for MNF operations Unity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required Principles of Multinational Unity of Effort COMMON UNDERSTANDING All forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANS Nations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliest opportunity to improve interoperability and mutual understanding TRUST AND CONFIDENCE Commanders and their representatives must establish and maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communication and common courtesy are essential.

  35. Forming a CPG Combined Training Team Operations Planning Team C-2 C-3 C-1 C-4 C-2 Rep C-3 Rep C-4 Rep C-1 Rep CTF Comp C-5 Rep CPG C-5 Comp LNOs C-6 Rep Med Rep C-6 Med SJA Rep PA Rep Public Affairs SJA Staff Coordination Comp -Component CPG - Combined Planning Group CTF - Combined Task Force LNOs - Liaison Officers PA - Public Affairs Rep - Representative SJA - Staff Judge Advocate

  36. ORDERS CELL Warning Order Planning Order Ops Order Cmdr’s Estimate Other Orders Expandable CPG: “core” group of experienced planners expands to the full CPG. Members include representatives from each staff section as well as component LNO planners INFO OPS CELL IO Planner(s) C2W Planner(s) Deception Planner(s) JSOTF Rep JPOTF Rep INFO MGT CELL Message Boards RFI Control GI&S Suspense Mgt Agendas PLANNING CELL Core Planners DJTFAC LNOs / Reps as Req POSSIBLE SUBCELLS Mission Analysis COA Development WARNORD COA Analysis COA Comparison Synch Matrix Cmdr’s Estimate OPORD Development Branch Plans CPG DEPLOYMENT CELL JOPES / TPFDD Planner USTRANSCOM LNO C-4 Transportation Rep C-4 Logistics Rep C-3 Rep Component LNOs 9-14 REPRESENTATIVES TO THE CPG Component LNOs: AFFOR, ARFOR, NAVFOR, MARFOR JTF Staff: J1, J2, J3/JOC, J4, J5, J6, Engineer Support Combatant Command LNOs: POLAD, Surgeon, PAO, SJA, JCTB, USSPACECOM, USTRANSCOM, USSTRATCOM, NORAD

  37. Products CAP Products “Hand-Off” Of Plan Collaboration Tools “Hand-Off” Of Plan CAP Phase VI ExecutionPlans and Operations Synchronization Coalition / Combined Planning Group (CPG), C3 or C5 Chairs Prioritize/Task Planning Efforts for CTF Provide Centralized Direction and Guidance CTF: 24-96 Hrs C3 Future Operations (FOPS) CTF Battle Staff Staff CTF: 0-24 Hrs C3 Current Operations (COPS) CTF: 96 Hrs / Next Phase Transition, or Termination C5 Future Plans (PLANS) Initial Plan / Campaign Plan Follow-on Phase - Plans What’s Next? Refines / Adjusts Modifies OPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current Situation) Issues OPORDS / FRAGOs Drafts Pertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Direct, & Control Order Execution. “SA” for CPG and CTF OPT OPT • OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan Overall • Sequel plans for future phases • Concept of operations • Risks • Draft Cdr’s Intent • Initial CJTF guidance • Any wargaming results • Pol-Mil Issues • Situational Awareness (SA) -- COP • Briefings • SITREP/ near-term FRAGOs • Message Release • Track Actions / Suspenses • Commander’s SITREP • Branch plans with triggers • Draft Cdr’s Intent • Cmdr’ Assessment /Estimate • Orders (WARN, FRAG, Etc.) • Recommend CCIR, ROE • CINC SITREP 12

  38. Personal Staff DCCTF CCTF Chaplain National Support Team Patient Movement Requirements Center Coalition / Combined Reception Center Blood Program Office Coalition / Combined Communications Control Center C-1 C-6 Surgeon Coalition / Combined Interrogation Facility Coalition/Combined Planning Group Document Exploitation Center Legal Advisor Comptroller Chief of Staff C-2 C-5 Coalition / Combined Intelligence Support Element Combined Visitors Bureau Captured Material Exploitation Center Public Affairs Mortuary Affairs Office Coalition / Combined Information Bureau Coalition / Combined Search and Rescue Center C-4 C-3 Sub Area Petroleum Office Civil Military Operations Center Coalition / Combined Movement Center Coalition / Combined Operations Center Logistics Readiness Center Coalition / Combined Targeting Coordination Board Facilities Utilization Board CCTF Determines Staff Relationship Recommended AsRequired

  39. Summary:Lessons Learned - Forming Lesson Learned: Clearly define command relationships between components - especially “supported” and supporting relationships. Lesson Learned: Augmentation “cells” from the CINC clearly provide a “jump start” to the processes of forming and planning during a crisis. Lesson Learned: Keep the number of cells/boards/agencies/centers to a minimum, but if the function is required, forming them is usually beneficial.

  40. Lessons Learned - Planning Lesson Learned: “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; and be smart enough to know when to deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT Lesson Learned: “Leaders should use the military decision-making process to expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.” LTC D. Scalard, Military Review, 1998

  41. Lessons Learned - Deploying Lesson Learned: A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?” Lesson Learned: CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate JRSOI is on-hand).

  42. Lessons Learned - Employing Lesson Learned: A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well. Lesson Learned: Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold. • Deter… • Fight to win... Lesson Learned: There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly. Lesson Learned: Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforseen exigencies.

  43. Lessons Learned - Transition Lesson Learned: Transition may occur between the CTF with a US command, with another military command (i.e. UN follow-on forces), with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.

  44. Lessons Learned - Redeploying Lesson Learned: Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.

  45. Multinational Planning Augmentation Team Forming the Multinational Force (MNF) CONGRATULATIONS!

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