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HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA: Funding Access, Quality and Equity

UKERI Widening Access & Social Inclusion in Higher Education. HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA: Funding Access, Quality and Equity. Jandhyala Tilak N ational U niversity of E ducational P lanning and A dministration New Delhi. Kolkata 26-28 March 2007. The Equilateral Triangle. Quantity/Access.

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HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA: Funding Access, Quality and Equity

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  1. UKERI Widening Access & Social Inclusion in Higher Education HIGHER EDUCATION IN INDIA:Funding Access, Quality and Equity Jandhyala Tilak National University ofEducational Planning and Administration New Delhi Kolkata 26-28 March 2007

  2. The Equilateral Triangle Quantity/Access The Elusive Δ of the 3 Q’s Equity Quality Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  3. Current Status of Higher Education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  4. Growth of Higher Education in India Colleges Univs Enrolment (million) • 1947-48 516 20 0.2 • 1950-51 578 28 0.2 • 1960-61 1819 45 0.6 • 1970-71 3277 93 2.0 • 1980-81 4577 123 2.8 • 1990-91 6627 184 4.4 • 2000-01 10152 254 8.6 • 2004-05 17625 343 10.5 Gross Enrolment Ratio (2004-05): 9.2 per cent Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  5. Strengths of Indian Higher Education • One of the largest education systems • Largest stock of educated manpower • Self reliance in manpower needs • Export of manpower • Democratisation: improvement in equity • Pockets of excellence • Diversity Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  6. Weaknesses of Indian Higher Education • Quality • Inequalities • Inadequacy Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  7. Contribution of Higher Education • Self reliance in manpower • ‘Export’ of skilled manpower to the world economy • Socioeconomic development • Democracy and political stability Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  8. The Growth is not Adequate • For rapid economic development • To face global challenges • Globalisation and international competition • For sustainable high levels human development • For building an equitable system of education, promising opportunities for all • Creation of Knowledge Society Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  9. Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education (around 2000) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  10. Inequalities in Higher Education • Regional: • Inter-State disparities • Rural-urban • Inequalities between Social Groups • Caste • Religion • gender • Inequalities between Economic Groups Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  11. Gross Enrolment Ratio in Higher Education2003-04 (%) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  12. Adult Population with Higher Education(%), 1995-96 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  13. % of Population (7+) with Higher Education, by Social Groups, 1999-2000 Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  14. Adult Population with Higher Education(%) 1995-96 Inequities by Economic levels Household Expenditure Groups Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  15. Recent Trends in Higher Education Policies and Practices Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  16. Public Policies and Practices • Decline in Public Budgets • Non-Recruitment of Teachers • Cost Recovery • Fees • Loans • Privatisation Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  17. Public Expenditure on Higher Education(% of GNP) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  18. Declining Per Student Real Expenditure on Higher Education Index Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  19. Scholarshipsas % of Expenditure on Higher Education (Union Government) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  20. Decline in Scholarships*(Union Government Education Department) Million (current prices) • 1989-90 Rs.62.3 • 1990-91 Rs.20.9 • 1994-95 Rs.27.5 • 2003-04 Rs. 7.6 * General Education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  21. UGC Grants: Research Fellowships(% of Total Non-Plan Grants) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  22. Steep Increases in Fees • Recommendation: 20% cost recovery rate • Introduction of different types of fees: • Foreign/NRI students, management quota, merit (free) and payment seats, normal… • Fees for different items • Application, registration, lab, exams, marks statement, fees for authentication of certificates ….. • Erratic and uncontrolled Increases in fees • Introduction of Self financing courses Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  23. Cost Recovery in Universities No. of Universities with rates of cost recovery (Total Sample : 36) (latest year: mid/late 1990s) • 50% Six universities • 30-50% Four • 20-30% Nine • 10-20% Seven • < 10% Ten Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  24. Student Loans • Revitalization of Student Loan Programmes • Government operated loan scheme replaced by Bank operated Loans • Increasing reliance on loans • Loans preferred over scholarships (by the government) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  25. Student Loans Problems with Bank operated Loans • Limited in number • Not Equity Oriented • Not Excellence Oriented • Accentuation of commercialisation of higher education • Further Increase in fees • Restricting access and Increase in inequities • Shifting of responsibility to the individual domain Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  26. Teacher Recruitment • Stagnation/Non-Recruitment for several years in many universities and colleges • Fiscal • New policies • Recruitment of para teachers • Under qualified • Under paid • Unfair service conditions Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  27. Privatisation of Higher Education: Trends ↓Decline in Philanthropy • Virtual halt of State-aided private sector ↑Rapid growth in Self-financing private sector, leading to diminution of public sector ↑ Growth in Self financing courses in public universities/colleges Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  28. Growth of Private Sector in Higher Education (Andhra Pradesh) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  29. Fees in Public and Private Institutions • Fees (Absolute Amounts) • Private > Public • Fees in Private /Public Institutions • India (50-80) :: Developed Countries (3-8) • Fees/cost Ratio (Cost Recovery Rate) • Private (100%) :: Public (20%) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  30. Access and Privatisation • >50% higher education institutions are in private sector in 18 countries • Only in 4 counties (Brazil, Chile, Philippines and Japan) 50% (or more) enrolments are in private institutions Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  31. Paradoxes in Size of Private Higher Education % of Universities Enrolment (university) • Uruguay 89 12 • USA 75 35 • Mexico 73 42 • Kenya 70 19 • Thailand 49 17 • Malaysia 42 8 Higher share in Universities, less share in enrolments Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  32. Higher Education in USA: % Shares Institutions Enrolment Public 19.6 57.3 Private not for profit 65.3 38.1 Private for Profit 15.0 4.7 Note: Based on a sample of universities Source: XI Plan Working Group on Higher Education, 2006 (based on 10 states in USA) Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  33. Sum up on Policies • Reduced Levels of Public Financing • Increased levels of Cost Recovery • Non-Recruitment of Teachers • Rapid Privatisation All adversely effect equitable access to quality higher education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  34. Financing for Widening Access What needs to be done? • Government commitment to funding higher education • 6% of GDP to education • 1.5% of GDP to Higher Education • Focus on quality and equity • Operation blackboard like programme Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  35. What needs to be done? Desired Level of Funding Government Commitment to funding higher education is crucial. • Elementary education 3.0% of GNP • Secondary education 1.5% • Higher General education 1.0% • Higher Technical education 0.5% • Total 6.0% Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  36. What needs to be done? • At least a minimum assured level of proportion of the budgets for scholarships • To promote excellence (merit scholarships) • To promote equity (merit-cum-means scholarships) • At least a minimum proportion for research • Ceiling on fees • Less reliance on Private sector and foreign institutions Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  37. What needs to be done? • Investment in Infrastructure development • Operation blackboard-like programme in colleges and universities (focusing on library/laboratories/play grounds etc.) • Recruitment of faculty • A long term perspective plan • Balanced development of all layers of education Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

  38. The 3 Quadrants of the Education Pyramid Higher PrimarySecondary All the three are inter-dependent Tilak/Higher Education/Kolkata

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