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HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TURKEY

HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TURKEY. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1 : OVERVIEW. STUCTURE Higher education in Turkey comprises all post-secondary education programmes, consisting of the three main cycles and the short cycle in terms of the terminology of the Bologna

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HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TURKEY

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  1. HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN TURKEY

  2. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW STUCTURE Higher education in Turkey comprises all post-secondary education programmes, consisting of the three main cycles andthe short cycle in terms of the terminology of the Bologna Process. At present, there are - 53 state (51 universities and 2 institutes of high technology) and - 26 (24 universities and2 two-year vocational schools of higher education) foundation (private, non-profit) HEIs in Turkey which are allGovernedby the same Higher Education Law . 2

  3. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW The upper bodies of the higher education system are the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) and the Inter-university Council (ÜAK). The Council of Higher Education (YÖK) is an autonomous corporate public body responsible for the planning, coordination, governance and supervision of higher education within the provisions set forth in the Constitution of the Turkish Republic and the Higher Education Law. This constitutional buffer institution has no political or governmental affiliation. It is composed of 21members 3

  4. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW SOURCES OF FUNDING The major source of income of state universities is the funds allocated through the annual state budget. In addition to the annual budget, provided by the state, each university has three more sources of income. Income from the services provided by the university, such as patient care in university hospitals, and contract research, is collected in a revolving fund. 4

  5. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Student contributions towards highly subsidized services are collected in a separate fund. Finally, each university has a research fund made up of a lump sum grant from the state-provided budget plus a portion of the income from the revolving fund and from earmarked projects given by the State Planning Organization. 5

  6. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 6

  7. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW UNIVERSITIES A university consists of faculties, four-year schools and departments within those units, offering Bachelor’s level programmes, with a vocational emphasis in four-year schools, two-year vocational schools offering Associate’s level programmes of a strictly vocational nature. Graduate-level programmes consist of Master’s and Doctoral programmes, coordinated by graduate schools called “institutes”. Medical specialty training programmes equivalent to Doctoral level programmes are carried out within the faculties of medicine, university hospitals and the training hospitals owned by the Ministry of Health and the Social Insurance Organization. 7

  8. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Universities are founded by law to be enacted by the Parliament; upon the recommendation of the Council of Higher Education to the Ministry of National Education and the approval of the cabinet. The faculties, institutes and the four- year (vocational/professional) higher schools are founded by the decision of the Cabinet. 8

  9. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Foundation universities are required to conform to the basic academic requirements and structures set forth in the law. Apart from this, they are free to manage their own affairs according to the rules and regulations adopted by their boards of trustees. The boards of trustees appoint the rectors and the deans. The appointment of the rectors, however, is subject to the consent of the Council of Higher Education. In state universities, the rector is appointed by the President of the Republic from among three candidates holding the academic title of professor, selected by the faculty members. 9

  10. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW QUALIFICATIONS The Turkish higher education system has consisted of a structure based on undergraduate and graduate levels of study,except for Dentistry, Medicine and Veterinary Medicine programmes in which programmes are based on a system equivalent to combined Bachelor’s and Master’s programmes. Two-year vocational higher schools leading to Associate’s degree, which is equivalent to the short cycle degree defined in the Bologna Process, are also contained in the higher education system. 10

  11. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW • Graduate degrees are • the Master’s degree • the PhD/Doctorate degree. • There are two types of Master’s programmes: • with a thesis • without a thesis. 11

  12. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION Admission to higher education is centralized and based on a nation-wide single-stage examination administered by the Student Selection and Placement Center (ÖSYM). 12

  13. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 13

  14. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 14

  15. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW THE STATISTICS The steady increase in the student population in higher education is a significant sign of the demand for higher education by the corresponding age group. In the academic year of 2004-2005, the total number of students in higher education system in Turkey: 1.367.568 (without distance education) 2.059.159 (with distance education) 15

  16. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW In the same year, the total number of undergraduate students is 1.344.821 out of which 482.461 attend the distance education programmes of Anadolu University. It must be noted that, even though 24 out of 77 universities are foundation universities, only 4.4% of the students are enrolled in foundation universities. On the other hand, the share of the graduate students in the higher education is about 5.8% and needs to be increased. 16

  17. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 17

  18. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 18

  19. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 19

  20. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW 20

  21. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW

  22. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Distance education students are excluded. 22

  23. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Figure a and Figure b show the number of teaching staff and the number of students per teaching staff in vocational higher schools (short-cycle), excluding distance education. 23

  24. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Student graduation performances are: 24

  25. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW • DOCTORAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH • The PhD/Doctorate programmes consist of a minimum of • seven courses, • a qualifying examination, • a dissertation proposal • and a dissertation. • The duration of Doctorate programmes varies depending on • the field of study. The period alloted for the completion of the • Doctorate programmes is eight semesters. However, • the regulations enacted by the senate of each university specify • the procedures to be followed in the case of students • who can graduate in a shorter period of time. 25

  26. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW THE LINKS BETWEEN HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH The Supreme Council of Science and Technology (SCST), chaired by either the Prime Minister (or his Deputy), consists of the ministers of S&T - related ministries, the President of the Higher Education Council, the undersecretaries of State Planning Organisation, Treasury and Foreign Trade, the President and a vice president of the Scientific and Technical ResearchCouncil of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), the presidents of the Nuclear Energy Council and the Union of Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The general secretariat to the SCST is TÜBİTAK. 26

  27. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW In 1993, the strategic choice of a) not only to achieve excellence in scientific and technological research,b) but also to turn scientific and technological findings Intoeconomical and/or social benefits was made. Accordingly, the S&T Policy of Turkey has since then been based on the establishment of a national innovation system.The outcome of the implementation of this policy increased the R&D realised by business enterprise from 20% to over 33%, R&D financed by business enterprise from 27% to 43%, GERD in % of GDP raised from 0.32% to 0.64%, R&D personnel per 10,000 labour force raised from 7.5 to 13.1. 27

  28. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW About 70% of the research work in Turkey is conducted in universities. If the number of publications in reputable international journals is taken as an indicator of the research work, Turkish universities have shown a continuous remarkable success by moving from 40th in 1990 to 21st in 2003 among world states ranked with respect to the number of publications in journals covered by SCI, SSCI and AHCI of ISI. The rate of increase of those publications has been well over 20% per year for the last four years while the share of Turkey in world has increased from 0.571% to 0.940%. The universities have produced 98.2% of these publications in 2003. 28

  29. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW It is fair to say that the pace of increase in these publication shows a healthy development in achieving excellence in scientific and technical research. However, it would not be unfair to state that the university-industry link is far from being satisfactory to produce the desired number of patents and industrial products and turning these scientific and technological findings into economical and social benefits. The establishment of industrial development regions in the campuses of the higher education institutions is an important development to overcome this weakness. Another positive impact is expected from recently participated framework programmes EU. 29

  30. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW LIFELONG LEARNING Almost all the universities have "continuous education center"s contributing to Lifelong Learning. These centers offer seminars, conferences and refresher courses to those who wish to be kept up to date in their profession or to those who would like additional skills and/or knowledge in a different field. Faculties of education of the universities collaborate with Community Training Centers to develop training programmes tailored to the needs of the local community. 30

  31. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Meanwhile some of the universities have started establishing virtual learning centers to provide lifelong learning services to business and community using ICT and internet. Even though the Turkish private sector is very keen on keeping its personnel fully equipped with the state of the art knowledge; the State does not yet have any compulsory measures for the professionals to follow the new developments to continue practicing their profession. 31

  32. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW Anadolu University has been supported as the major provider of lifelong learning opportunities to the society through distance education system. Since mid 1980’s, various degree, degree-completion and certificate programmes have been offered to adult population from different professions such as teachers, nurses and farmers. 32

  33. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW As of 2004-2005 academic year Anadolu University distance education student population reached 950.000. Approximately 60% of this cohort is above the age of 24 and it is estimated that 70% has already an occupation. There are 112.000 adult students in the occupational training programmes offered to in-service personnel of Police, Gendarmerie, Army, Air Force and Navy. 33

  34. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW “Second University” project has been carried out by Anadolu University since 2001 with the aim of enabling students to study in another field and improve their qualifications. Within the context of the project, current number of enrollment in various distance-learning programmes of the university is 33,500. 34

  35. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW RECOGNITION OF DEGREES AND PERIODS OF STUDY TurkishNARIC (National Academic Recognition Information Center) Office has been established under the supervision of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) in April 2003. The Turkish ENIC (European Network of National Information Centers of Academic Mobility and Recognition) Office has been operating under the Council of Higher Education (YÖK) since 1998. 35

  36. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW The main objective of the Turkish ENIC/NARIC offices is facilitating academic recognition of diplomas and periods of studies by promoting information and experience exchange in the Member States of the EU, the EEA countries and the candidate countries of the EU. Turkey has been one of the signatory countries of Lisbon Recognition Convention as of December 1, 2004. 36

  37. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 1:OVERVIEW The national Diploma Supplement (DS) template has been formed in line with the UNESCO-CEPES and UNESCO standards with the coordination of the Council of Higher Education; and a standard Turkish DS model has been disseminated to the universities. Diploma Supplement and theEuropean Credit Transfer System (ECTS) were made mandatory by YÖK at all universities in Turkey. 37

  38. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • MOBILITY OF STUDENTS AND STAFF • The obstacles influencing the mobility of students and staff are: • Difficulties in getting visa, • Insufficient supplementary funding schemes, • Lack of information or misunderstanding of ECTS • applications among the faculty members, • Lack of up-to date course information of the partner • Institutions, • Residence permit process for incoming students, • Lack of knowledge among European students about • the quality of higher education in Turkey. 38

  39. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • Special measures needed to improve mobility of student and • staff can be listed as: • Establishment of administrative offices within • universities dealing specifically with the • Erasmus Programme, • Increasing the number of course offerings (mostly) in English • language, • International marketing/appearance towards participating in • European-wide conferences and fairs, • Increased site visits to/from the potential partner institutions, • Promotion of the Erasmus Programme within universities, • Usage of ECTS as an additional credit transfer system, • Increasing the visibility of the Turkish universities in the • Erasmus Programme. 39

  40. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS STUDENT COUNCILS AND INVOLVEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS Students do play an active role and can contribute significantly to changes in higher education. Since the Prague summit in 2001, student involvement has been one of the action lines in the Bologna Process and, since then, it has been continuously acknowledged that the students should participate in and influence the organization and content of education at higher education institutions. This has been confirmed and even strengthened by ministers in the Berlin Communiqué. 40

  41. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS STUDENT COUNCILS AND INVOLVEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS Students do play an active role and can contribute significantly to changes in higher education. Since the Prague summit in 2001, student involvement has been one of the action lines in the Bologna Process and, since then, it has been continuously acknowledged that the students should participate in and influence the organization and content of education at higher education institutions. This has been confirmed and even strengthened by ministers in the Berlin Communiqué. 41

  42. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS In view of these facts and realizing that students’ involvement in planning and making recommendations for institutional development, whenever possible, is an exercise of responsibility and hence forms a significant part of their education; in 2001, the Council of Higher Education approved the set of regulations proposed by the Interuniversity Council to establish a "Student Council" in each university. The presidentof the council and faculty representatives are invited to the senate and board meetings by the rector or deans, though they do not have voting rights. 42

  43. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM By law, it is the responsibility of YÖK and ÜAK to see to it that a national system of quality assurance with a structure and function comparable to its transnational counterparts is established and implemented. Quality assurance has firmly been on the agenda of many higher education institutions in Turkey at least for the last decade, mainly spurred on by requirements arising from international accountability and recognition of academic programmes and, more recently, from those of Bologna process. 43

  44. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM A new set of regulations for the academic assessment and the quality improvement at universities, complying with the recommendations and the criteria of the Berlin Communiqué and those for standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) developed by ENQA was enacted on September 20, 2005. 44

  45. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS An independent commission of 9 members responsible for maintaining and organizing the activities related to academic assessment and quality improvements at higher education institutions specified by the regulations has now been formed by Inter-university council and has started working. It is expected that the first internal assessment of all universities as well as the external assessment of some will be completed and the results will be made public before the 2007 ministerial meeting of the Bologna Process. 45

  46. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2:RECENT DEVELOPMENTS EUROPEAN DIMENSION IN HIGHER EDUCATION There is no legal obstacle in the establishment and recognition of joint degrees and/or joint study programmes. Universities canset up and carry out joint degree programmes through international partnerships with the approval of the Council of Higher Education (YÖK). Currently, there are examples of dual Bachelor’s and joint Doctorate programmes and the universities are encouraged by YÖK to increase such joint programmes in accordance with the action lines of the Bologna Process. 46

  47. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • EUROPEAN DIMENSION IN HIGHER EDUCATION • 1/3 of the universities a research and teaching activity • connected to European Integration. • The Jean Monnet Action active in Turkey since 2001. • Turkey has been eligible on co-finncing base in Tempus III. 47

  48. SCREENING CHAPTER 26 EDUCATION AND CULTURE AGENDA ITEM 2: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS • THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF EHEA • Major tool is is Erasmus Mundus programme, but • the official participitation in the programme not formalized yet. • Turkish universities are not eligible in that for 2005-2006 48

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