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Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems

Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems. Economics 331b Yale University Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available. Some Important Units of Measurement. Units.

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Energy Primer: Some Background on Energy Systems

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  1. Energy Primer:Some Background on Energy Systems Economics 331b Yale University Note: These slides are products of a large number of scholars in the natural and social sciences. Implicit thanks go to all who have made these available.

  2. Some Important Units of Measurement

  3. Units Scientific units: 1 Joule (J) is the MKS unit of energy, equal to the force of one Newton acting through one meter. 1 Watt is the power of a Joule of energy per second Multiplicative measures; kilo-x = 10^3 x mega-x = 10^6 x giga-x = 10^9 x tera-x= 10^12 x peta-x = 10^15 x exa-x = 10^18 x Commonly used non-scientific units: A BTU (British Thermal Unit) is the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit (F). 1 BTU = 252 cal  = 1.055 kJ “barrel of oil” = 42 gallons =1/7 of a metric ton

  4. Units of energy system Source: Gruebler et al., Energy Primer

  5. Heat content of fuels MbtuGJ 1 barrel of crude oil 5.80 6.12 1 ton of crude oil 39.68 41.87 1 short ton of coal 25.18 26.57 1000 ft3 of natural gas 1.000 1.055 1 MBtu = 106 Btu (IT) 1 GJ = 109 J

  6. Examples of Power and Energy (ranked by power ratings) Source: Nakicenovic

  7. Schematics and cartoons

  8. Overview of energy system Capital, labor, … Non-energy goods and services Capital, labor, … Utility: U(c1, c1, …, cn) Energy goods and services (passenger miles, warm house, hot coffee, … Energy resources (oil in ground,…) Energy fuels (gasoline, electricity, …)

  9. U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector, 2007 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: Energy Information Agency

  10. More detailed overview of the energy system 11

  11. Basic data and trends for the US

  12. Energy politics

  13. Energy Consumption by Source, 1635-2000 (Quadrillion Btu) Source: Energy Information Agency

  14. Energy Consumption by Source, US Source: Energy Information Agency

  15. Energy Production by Source for 2000, U.S. Source: Energy Information Agency

  16. Energy Consumption by End Use , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  17. Petroleum Overview , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  18. Source: EIA

  19. Transportation Energy Consumption , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  20. Motor Vehicle Indicators , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  21. Vehicle ownership per person, 1900-2002 Source: IPCC, AR4, Mitigation

  22. Coal Production by Mining Method , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  23. Coal Consumption by Sector, US Source: Energy Information Agency

  24. Source: Energy Information Agency

  25. Nuclear Power Plant Licenses Issued, US Source: Energy Information Agency

  26. Renewable Energy, US Source: Energy Information Agency

  27. Renewable Energy, 2008 , US Source: Energy Information Agency

  28. Map on Solar Potential, US

  29. Map of Wind Potential, US (wind speed)

  30. Basic data and trends for the world

  31. Total Fossil Energy Resources, Global ZJ = Zeta-joule or 1021 Joule or thousands of Exajoules Source: Nakicenovic

  32. Global energy resources Source: Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.

  33. Potential global renewable energy Source: Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.

  34. World Crude Oil Production, 1973-2008 Source: Energy Information Agency

  35. Shares of world energy consumption Source: IPCC Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.

  36. Shares of world energy consumption Source: EIA

  37. Energy intensity of production Source: IPCC Energy Primer Note: Unit is “exojoule” = 10^18 joules = 10^15 Btu = 1/400 of world energy use.

  38. PRICES

  39. Source: Nordhaus, based on BLS

  40. Source: Nordhaus, based on EIA oil prices and BLS CPI.

  41. Energy goods v. energy services A key issue in measurement is the difference between energy goods or inputs and energy outputs or services. E.g., ounce of whale oil v. lumen; gallon of gasoline v. (vmt, comfort, safety, noise, …) Production function: Energy services = f(capital, labor, fuel, infrastructure,…) Basic point: There have been vast improvements in energy services per unit of primary energy over time (call it “efficiency”)

  42. The price of fuel for lighting Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  43. The long-term price of light Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  44. The long-term price of light Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  45. The Price of Passenger Transport (per Passenger-Km-Hour), 1650-2000 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  46. The Price of Passenger and Freight Transport (per Passenger andTonne-Kilometre-Hour), 1840-2000 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  47. The Price of Freight Transport (per Tonne-Kilometre), 1250-2000 Roger Fouquet and Peter J.G. Pearson

  48. Some environmental indicators

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