Chapter 30: A Second Global Conflict

1. Chapter 30: A Second Global Conflict

2. Unchecked Aggression-Japan • 1922 and 1928: Japan signs treaties to respect China’s borders and renounce war -Great Depression: Japanese blamed government -Military leaders gained support -Emperor symbol of state -Extreme nationalists • 1931: Japan seized Manchuria -Rich in iron and coal -League of Nations protests (No formal action taken) • 1935: Japan invades China -Take capital in 1937

3. Unchecked Aggression-Europe • Italy and Ethiopia -Mussolini orders a massive invasion in 1935 -Ethiopian emperor appeals to League of Nations for help, but members did nothing • Hitler Defies Versailles -1933: Germany leaves the League of Nations -1935: Hitler refuses to obey military restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles -1936: Hitler reoccupies the Rhineland • Appeasement-Policy of giving in to an aggressor to keep peace • Axis Powers -Germany, Italy, and Japan enter into an alliance in 1936

4. “The Spineless Leaders of Democracy” “The 48 hours after the march into the Rhineland were the most nerve-racking of my life. If the French had opposed us then we would have had to withdraw. Our forces were not strong enough to even put up with moderate resistance.”-Adolf Hitler

5. Pre-War Policies • Europe makes Concessions -Focused on dealing with economic problems at home and wanted to avoid war again • United States -Pursued the policy of isolationism-Political ties to other countries should be avoided -1935: Congress passed three Neutrality Acts

6. The German Reich Expands • 1937: Hitler plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the Third Reich -Treaty of Versailles prohibited Anschluss or union between Austria and Germany -Many Austrians supported annexation -1938: Austria annexed into Germany • Sudetenland -Heavily fortified area that protected Czechoslovakia -Hitler demands annexation of Sudetenland in 1938 • Munich Conference -Hitler could take the Sudetenland, but must respect Czech borders

7. Hitler and the “Jewish Problem” • 1935: The Nuremberg Laws -Deprived Jews of rights as citizens, limited work, and forbade marriages • 1938: Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht) -Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues • Refugees -Jews realized that violence was inevitable -Attempt to emigrate to other countries -Many countries abruptly closed doors to immigration • Ghettos -Order to move all Jews to segregated areas

8. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact • Non-Aggression Pact -France and Britain sought help from Soviet Union to stop Hitler -Stalin secretly negotiates with Hitler -1939: Germany and Russia agree not to attack one another, divide Poland, and that the USSR gained Baltic territories • Hitler demands Danzig -1939: Hitler moves towards Poland and invades -War declared

9. The Conduct of a Second Global War • German Offensive -Blitzkrieg: Quick mobilization of forces led to rapid occupation of territory -France: Germans occupied northern France and puppet Vichy regime in south • Battle of Britain -German air offensive over Britain -British continuously repel attacks and Hitler abandons plans for invasion • Subjugated Populations -Provide resources, soldiers, and materials to German war machine

10. Germany Invades the Soviet Union • Operation Barbarossa -Germany invaded in June of 1941 -Soviet Union retreated using the scorched-earth policy -Leningrad under siege for over 900 days -Germans ultimately defeated by Russian winter at Stalingrad (Begins German retreat)

11. The Fog of War: Genocide • Eastward Progress -Mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) used on Eastern European Jewish population • Final Solution -Protocol established at Wannsee Conference in 1942 -Systematic killing of Jews and others -Established concentration camps and death camps

12. The Rise and Fall of the Japanese: The Pacific • Atlantic Charter (1941) -Secret agreement between U.S. and Britain to uphold free trade and right of people to choose their government • Lend-Lease -Lend or lease arms to any country vital to U.S. • Pearl Harbor -Triggers formal involvement of U.S. in war -Pacific fighting motivated by race • Vulnerability -Japanese on defensive after Pearl Harbor -Alienated most of Europe with imperialism -Large civilian populations in wood and paper dwellings • Island Hopping -Allies quickly gain upper hand in air and sea battles -Regular bombing of Japanese homeland

13. The Allied Victory • Invasion of North Africa and Italy -Long and embattled campaigns to dislodge Germans • D-Day -1944: Amphibious invasion of Normandy after crossing the English Channel -Allies break through German defenses and move towards Germany • Leyte, Iwo Jima, Okinawa -Kamikazes -After victory at Okinawa, invasion of Japan was considered • Effects on Civilian Populations -Regular bombing -Limit of civil rights (Japanese internment camps) -Shortages

14. Demanding Unconditional Surrender • Battle of the Bulge -After victory, Allies move towards Germany on two fronts -Hitler commits suicide and leaves Berlin to defend itself • Unconditional Surrender (Demanded of Japan and Germany) -May 7, 1945: Allies accept the unconditional surrender of Germany on V-E Day -Soviet troops brutalized the German population

15. The Atomic Bomb • Japan Retreats -1944: Allies closed in on Japanese homeland -Predicted that invasion would have extremely high human toll -Truman had to decide whether or not to use atomic bomb • Warning -Truman issued multiple warnings -Drops two atomic bombs on August 6th and 9th (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) -Japanese surrender on September 2nd

16. Warning Leaflet Mushroom Cloud Heat Ray Burns

17. Postwar Europe • Widespread Damage -Cities reduced to rubble from bombing -Displaced persons and refugees -Agriculture ravaged and transportation systems destroyed • Postwar Government -Communist Party membership increased (Decline when recovery achieved) • Nuremberg Trials -IMT: Nazis tried for “war crimes” and “crimes against humanity”* -Denazification

18. Postwar Japan • Occupation -U.S. occupation of Japan (Gen. Douglas MacArthur) -Demilitarization: Disband Japanese armed forces -Democratization: Create a government elected by the people -Broaden land ownership and increase political participation of workers and farmers • Constitution -Emperor no longer divine (Figurehead) -Restore the Diet -Bill of Rights *Japan and America became allies in postwar world*

19. Allies Become Enemies • Yalta Conference (February 1945) -U.S., Britain, and Soviet Union met in Yalta -Agree to divide Germany into zones of occupation controlled by Allied military forces -Germany would pay Soviet Union -In return, Stalin promised to join Allies against Japan and that Eastern Europe would have free elections

20. The United Nations • United Nations -Founded in June of 1945 -International peace-keeping organization • Founding Charter -Established the General Assembly -Each UN member votes -Security Council -Power to investigate and settle disputes • Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) -Formal document that recognized human rights globally