1 / 29

Police Technology Chapter Eleven

Police Technology Chapter Eleven. Information Exchange. Learning Objectives. The value of information exchange between state, local, and federal agencies The issue of Interoperability The various factors that make information exchange difficult

zoie
Download Presentation

Police Technology Chapter Eleven

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Police Technology Chapter Eleven Information Exchange Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  2. Learning Objectives • The value of information exchange between state, local, and federal agencies • The issue of Interoperability • The various factors that make information exchange difficult • Some of the potential solutions to information exchange Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  3. Introduction We will look at information exchange in two primary ways: • The exchange of tactical information • The exchange of strategic information Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  4. Integration - Defined A completely integrated criminal justice system would be a network designed to provide each agency from the police to the courts, to the prison system, with the information it needs to make a decision. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  5. The Importance of Integration Interoperability is the process of connecting different agencies or units with agencies using communication technologies so that they can communicate directly. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  6. Tactical Importance of Integration Tactical information is used to make immediate decisions. Incorrect or incomplete information can cause poor decisions The inability to share critical information is dangerous. Screen Capture provided by FAAC Inc Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  7. Strategic Importance of Integration Strategic information is generally used to make long-term or more deliberated decisions. Incorrect or incomplete information can cause poor decisions The inability to share critical information is dangerous. Photograph provided by Robert Eplett, California Governor’s Office of Emergency Services Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  8. Fragmentation has created organizational islands. Organizations are influenced by: Sub-culture Budgets Community Priorities Why Can’t Agencies Exchange Information? Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster Copyright Protected: 2005 Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  9. More on Fragmentation The entire criminal justice system tends to perform the function of information management exchange poorly because each island enters information into the system separately, differently, and repeatedly. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  10. Fragmentation Results As state and local agencies adapt new ideas and technologies, they tend to adapt them to their own ways of doing business. These agencies end up with an assortment of systems, applications, databases, and communications schemes – often different from neighboring or even overlapping agencies Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  11. What Should Integration Look Like? An integrated criminal justice information sharing system must: • Fulfill the needs of the agency employing the system and • Address the needs of other agencies. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  12. What Should Integration Look Like? For any system integration to be successful, it must be founded on standards in: • Data entry • Protocols • Policies • Software • Hardware systems Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  13. Integration For these transactions to be complete, they need to employ several different concepts: • Context – an agreement between the agencies that the exchange is going to be about a certain subject • Protocol – Rules for how information is going to be exchanged and used Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  14. A fully integrated system . . . • Information would be captured once and reused during subsequent decision-making points • Would have the ability to automatically query databases of other organizations • Would have the ability to push and pull only data that was needed • Have the ability to receive notifications Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  15. Are Internet Standards a Solution? Why aren’t law enforcement agencies using Web-based standards? • Agencies only need certain portions of each other’s data • Except, databases are often incompatible (data fields, values, and attributes are nonstandard) Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  16. The XML Solution • Extensible Mark-up Language is a root markup language that is derived from and similar to HTML • Intended primarily for the transmission of text information • Can be used to pass other binary data such as images • Uses tags to identify information so disparate applications and systems can easily recognize the data Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  17. Style is the way in which an agency decides it wants its data presented Content is the part of the total that each picks for its own style XML separates style from content Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  18. Tactical Communications There are two common technological strategies and one operational strategy that can improve communications between different agencies. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  19. Technological Solutions • Trunked Radio Systems - allow for the programming of other agency frequencies into the radio system carries in the vehicle • Gateway Interface – permanently installed or used during major tactical incidents Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  20. Organizational Solution • Incident Command System (ICS) – Provides common terminology and organization structures for successful joint field operations Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  21. Agency Partnerships There are ways that agency partnerships can improve interoperability and the exchange of data information. • Direct pooling of physical resources • Pool data, not facilities • Contract communications with a larger agency • Create regional systems Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  22. Two ways of looking at information- integration partnerships • Horizontal Partnership– between agencies at the same level of government • Vertical Partnership – Involves agencies at varying levels of government. More complex Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  23. Economies of Scale • Based on economic theory that the more you produce of a good, the less that it costs for each additional unit. • In government services, economy of scale can be realized by expanding the geographic boundaries of service Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  24. Economies of ScaleCombining Technology Resources Eighty-five percent of most state and local law enforcement budgets are personnel costs, not equipment costs. How many fewer people will it take to run an operation? Will there be significant savings over the long term? Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  25. Economies of ScaleCombining Technology Resources • Information Sharing is the transfer of information from one system to another via an intermediate system. • Instead of pooling facilities, agencies agree to send their data to a central data warehouse • This does not address voice communications. Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  26. Economies of ScaleCombining Technology Resources Contract information services with a private vendor or with a larger agency. Typically used by small municipal police department that contracts with a country law enforcement agency Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  27. Economies of ScaleCombining Technology Resources For a predetermined fee, the larger agency: • Conducts the PSAP • Computer-aided dispatch • Radio systems maintenance • Controls access to databases Photograph provided by Randall Larson, Editor, 9-1-1 Magazine Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  28. Regional System • Agencies form joint communications projects. • Sometimes referred to as Intergovernmental Agreements (IGA) or Joint Powers Authorities (JPA) • Some agencies form not-for-profit organizations to create and manage a regional system Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

  29. Police Technology Explore leadership at www.pokerleadership.com Copyright 2005 - 2009: Hi Tech Criminal Justice, Raymond E. Foster

More Related